Main >> Imininingwane Yezidakamizwa >> Uhlu lwama-barbiturates: Ukusetshenziswa, imikhiqizo ejwayelekile, nolwazi lokuphepha

Uhlu lwama-barbiturates: Ukusetshenziswa, imikhiqizo ejwayelekile, nolwazi lokuphepha

Uhlu lwama-barbiturates: Ukusetshenziswa, imikhiqizo ejwayelekile, nolwazi lokuphephaImininingwane Yezidakamizwa

Uhlu lwe-barbiturates | Yini ama-barbiturates? | Basebenza kanjani | Isebenzisa | Ngubani ongathatha ama-barbiturates? | Ukuphepha | Okuqhamuka uma udla imishanguzo | Izindleko





Ama-barbiturates asetshenzisiwe emithini yokwelashwa iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-100. Ukusetshenziswa kwabo kunciphe impela emashumini eminyaka amuva ngenxa yokukhathazeka okuhlobene nemiphumela emibi kanye namandla okuhlukunyezwa. Njengamanje, ama-barbiturate anqunyelwe ikakhulukazi ukuphazamiseka kokubanjwa kanye nokuqaqanjelwa yikhanda, imvamisa ezimweni lapho inkinga yezokwelapha ingalawulwa ngokwanele yizinketho eziphephile. Lo mhlahlandlela ufaka phakathi uhlu lwama-barbiturate anqunywe kakhulu kanye nolwazi mayelana nokuphepha nezindleko zabo.



Uhlu lwama-barbiturates

Igama lomuthi Intengo yemali emaphakathi Ukonga kwe-SingleCare Funda kabanzi
I-genobhenbital ejwayelekile $ 56 per 60, 16.2 mg amaphilisi Thola amakhuphoni e-phenobarbital Imininingwane yePhenobarbital
I-Bupap (butalbital-acetaminophen) $ 234 ngama-30, 50-325 mg amaphilisi Thola amakhuphoni weBupap Imininingwane yeBupap
I-Fioricet, i-Esgic, i-Bac, i-Zebutal, i-Vtol LQ (i-butalbital-acetaminophen-caffeine) $ 162 ngama-30, 50-300-40 mg amaphilisi Thola amakhuphoni e-butalbital-acetaminophen-caffeine Imininingwane ye-Butalbital-acetaminophen-caffeine
I-generic butalbital-aspirin-caffeine $ 42 per 30, 50-325-40 mg amaphilisi Thola amakhuphoni e-butalbital-aspirin-caffeine Imininingwane ye-Butalbital-aspirin-caffeine
I-Fioricet / i-Codeine (i-butalbital-acetaminophen-caffeine-codeine) $ 437 per 30, 50-300-40-30 mg amaphilisi Thola amakhuphoni we-Fioricet / Codeine Imininingwane ye-Fioricet / Codeine
I-Fiorinal / Codeine (i-butalbital-aspirin-caffeine-codeine) $ 85 per 30, 50-325-40-30 mg amaphilisi Thola amakhuphoni we-Fiorinal / Codeine Imininingwane ye-Fiorinal / Codeine

Amanye ama-barbiturates

  • I-Nembutal (i-pentobarbital) isetshenziselwa ukwelashwa kokudlikiza nokuthanjiswa esimweni sesibhedlela.
  • I-Brevital (methohexital) ne-Amytal (amobarbital) isetshenziselwa ukulalisa esibhedlela.
  • I-Seconal (secobarbital) isetshenziselwa ukudambisa iziguli ngaphambi kokuhlinzwa.

Yini ama-barbiturates?

Ama-barbiturates ayisigaba sezidakamizwa, ngokususelwa ku-acid compound barbituric acid futhi asetshenziselwa inani elilinganiselwe lezimo ze-neurologic. Zithathwa njengezidambisa isisu noma ezicindezelayo, futhi le mpahla ichaza okunye ukusetshenziswa kwabo okujwayelekile kanye nemiphumela yabo emibi. Lezi zicindezeli zesistimu yezinzwa eziphakathi (i-CNS) zazisetshenziselwa izimo zengqondo kulo lonke ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kuncishisiwe lapho izinkinga zeziguli ezincike kuma-barbiturates zaziwa kabanzi. Le mithi ingasetshenziswa kabi ngemiphumela yayo yokuthambisa, okunciphise nemiyalo ebekelwe yona.

Ngabe ama-barbiturates asebenza kanjani?

AmaBarbiturates asebenza ngokuthulisa ukusebenza kwamangqamuzana ezinzwa ebuchosheni ngokubophezela kumamukeli nokwandisa isenzo se-neurotransmitter yobuchopho be-GABA. Amaseli emizwa asebenza ngokuthumela amasiginali kagesi komunye nomunye, futhi ama-barbiturates anciphisa ukusebenza kukagesi kwalawa maseli. Ngenxa yalokho, le mithi ingasetshenziswa ngokucophelela ezimeni lapho amangqamuzana ezinzwa esebenza ngokweqile, njengesifo sokuwa, nezikhathi lapho kuncishiswa khona ukusebenza kobuchopho, njengesikhathi sokuhlinzwa kokuhlinzwa. Yize zingasebenza kahle kakhulu, inselelo ngama-barbiturates ukuthi umthamo ongaba nomphumela omuhle uvame ukusondela kumthamo ongaba nomphumela oyingozi, futhi kuya ngokuthi imiphi eminye imithi noma izimo zezempilo umuntu anazo, leyo milinganiselo ingasebenza kube nzima ukubikezela.

Yenzelwa ama-barbiturates?

  • Isithuthwane : I-Phenobarbital ingasebenza njenge-anticonvulsant esebenza isikhathi eside kokubanjwa kokujwayelekile nokugxile. IPentobarbital ingasebenza njenge-anticonvulsant esebenza okwesikhashana esimweni sesibhedlela.
  • Ikhanda lokungezwani: Izinhlanganisela ze-Butalbital zingasetshenziswa kulokhu.
  • Ukuhlinza ngokuhlinza nokunakekela okubucayi: I-Pentobarbital ne-methohexital zisetshenziswe ngale ndlela.
  • Ukunciphisa izimpawu zokuhoxiswa kwezidakamizwa esimweni sesibhedlela: I-Phenobarbital isetshenziswa ngokungajwayelekile ngale njongo.

Ngubani ongathatha ama-barbiturates?

Abantu abadala: Abantu abadala bangabekelwa le mithi yokwelashwa kwesikhashana nokwesikhathi eside kokuhlaselwa nokuxinwa yikhanda.



Abadala: Ngenkathi abantu abadala asebekhulile bengabekelwa le mithi futhi, ama-barbiturate abhalwe ohlwini njengomunye wemithi enobungozi kakhulu kuleli qembu leminyaka. Izikhungo zokukhathazeka zizungeze ingozi ephakeme yemiphumela emibi. I- I-2019 American Geriatric Society Beers Criteria yabantu abadala asebekhulile icaphuna ukukhathazeka okukhulu ngokuncika ngokomzimba, ukubekezelela imiphumela yokulala, kanye ne-overdosage.

Izingane: Izingane ezinokuquleka zingabekelwa ama-barbiturates. Imiphumela emibi kakhulu yokusebenza kukhathazeka ikakhulukazi ezinganeni. Ukusetshenziswa kwale mithi yezingane ezinekhanda lokungezwani kuvame ukugwenywa. Izingane ezisanda kuzalwa ezihoxa kuma-opiate noma ezinye izidakamizwa zinganikezwa i-phenobarbital esibhedlela.

Abesifazane beminyaka yokuzala: Abesifazane abanamandla okukhulelwa bavame ukwelulekwa maqondana nesidingo sokuvimbela inzalo ngenkathi bethatha ama-barbiturate noma banikeze omunye umuthi.



Ingabe ama-barbiturate aphephile?

Ama-barbiturate anezinhlobonhlobo zezingozi ezingenzeka ngokusetshenziswa kwawo, kufaka phakathi kokubili ubuthi besikhashana nesikhathi eside. Ukusetshenziswa kwabo okuphephile kudinga ukucatshangelwa ngokucophelela izici ezihlukile zomuntu ezibandakanya iminyaka, ezinye izimo zezempilo, kanye neminye imithi.

Lapho kuthathwa i-phenobarbital, ukuhlolwa kwegazi kuhlolwe njalo. Izinga le-Phenobarbital egazini liyahlolwa ukuthola ukuthi ngabe i-dosing idinga ukulungiswa yini. Ukubalwa kwamaseli egazi, ukuhlolwa kwesibindi, nokuhlolwa kwezinso kuhlolwe ukubheka imiphumela engemihle kanye nezimo zezempilo ezihambisanayo eziyinkinga. Kwezinye izimo zokusetshenziswa kwe-butalbital, ukuhlolwa kwegazi kuyenziwa futhi ukuqapha le miphumela emibi.

Ukusetshenziswa kabi, ukuhoxa, nokusebenzisa ngokweqile

Ama-barbiturates angahlukunyezwa. Ngokomlando, ukuhlukunyezwa kwe-barbiturate bekusabalele ngokwanele ukuthola iSeconal (secobarbital) neNembutal (pentobarbital) umgwaqo uqamba odeveli abomvu namabhantshi aphuzi. Le mithi ecindezelayo neyiluthayo yaziwa nangokuthi ama-downers nama-goofballs.



Uma ama-barbiturate ethathwa njalo abese emiswa ngokungazelelwe, izimpawu eziyingozi zokuhoxa ezinjengokuquleka kungenzeka. Abahlinzeki bezokunakekelwa kwempilo bangancoma ukususwa kancane kancane komuthi.

Ukudlula ngokweqile kweBarbiturate kungaba yingozi, ngokususelwa esenzweni sayo njengokucindezela kuzinhlelo zokuphefumula nezenhliziyo.



Ukusebenzisana

Ama-barbiturates ahlangana nohlu olude lwezinye izidakamizwa ngenxa yemetabolism yazo esibindini. Esimeni sokuthatha ama-barbiturate nezinye izidakamizwa, imiphumela ethile yemithi ingaphakanyiswa ngenkathi eminye incishisiwe. Noma imuphi umuthi obangela ukukhathala noma ukuthambisa ( isb. ama-benzodiazepines, ama-opioid, namaphilisi okulala ), kanye nezidakamizwa notshwala ezingekho emthethweni, kungaba yingozi ikakhulukazi uma kuthathwe ne-barbiturate. Imiphumela yokudidiyela ehlanganisiwe ingaveza ukuncipha kokuphefumula okusongela impilo.

Ngokuya ngokuthambekela kwabo ekwehliseni amazinga e-calcium novithamini D, ama-barbiturates angadala ukuwohloka kwamathambo lapho esetshenziswa isikhathi eside. Kulezi zimo, abahlinzeki bezokunakekelwa kwezempilo bangancoma ukwanda kokudla kwe-calcium nevithamini D.



Izexwayiso

I-Butalbital ingenye yemithi eminingi efakiwe kumathebulethi ahlanganisiwe ane-acetaminophen, umuthi oqukethe i- isixwayiso sebhokisi elimnyama esivela ku-FDA ngokukwazi ukwehluleka kwesibindi ngokweqile. Imithi eminingi ejwayelekile yokukhwehlela nemithi ebandayo ngezinye izibonelo zemithi ehlanganisiwe efaka i-acetaminophen. I-Tylenol (i-acetaminophen) ukweqisa izidakamizwa ngengozi kungenzeka lapho umuntu ethatha iTylenol kanye neminye imikhiqizo equkethe i-acetaminophen, njengamaphilisi ehlanganiso e-barbiturate butalbital I-Fioricet futhi I-Esgic .

UBarbiturate uyakhumbula

OKUSHIWO: Ungakuphatha kanjani ukuquleka ezinjeni



Imikhawulo yeBarbiturate

  • Le mithi akufanele ithathwe ngabantu abanomlando wangaphambilini wokungazwani komzimba kuma-barbiturates noma ezinye izingxenye zamaphilisi. Kufanele futhi zigwenywe yinoma ngubani onezinkinga ezinzima zesibindi, ukuphefumula kanzima ne-porphyria.
  • Ukuqapha okukhulu kuyadingeka ezigulini ezinanoma iyiphi yalezi zimo ezilandelayo:
    • Izinkinga zesibindi
    • Izinkinga zezinso
    • Izinkinga zenhliziyo
    • Ukushoda kwegazi
    • Indlala yegilo eyeqile
    • Ukwehlisa ukuqapha kwengqondo
    • Ukucindezeleka
    • Isifo sikashukela
    • Izindlala ze-adrenal ezingasebenzi
    • Umlando wokusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa
    • Ukuphuza kakhulu utshwala
  • Abesifazane abanamandla okukhulelwa kanye nabantu abadala asebekhulile bavame ukuxwayiswa ngokusetshenziswa kwama-barbiturates.

Ungathatha ama-barbiturates lapho ukhulelwe noma uncelisa?

Ekukhulelweni, ama-barbiturates angadala ingozi embungwini. Ngakho-ke, eminye imishanguzo ifunwa njalo. Ezimweni ezithile lapho ingekho enye indlela eyamukelekayo futhi nezingozi zithathwa njengezamukelekayo ngumhlinzeki wezokunakekelwa kwempilo nesiguli, iseluleko sezokwelapha kungaba ukuqhubekela phambili nomuthi we-barbiturate.

Omama abancelisayo kufanele bazi ukuthi ama-barbiturate angatholakala obisini lwebele lomama abathatha le mithi. Lokhu kungabeka ubungozi enganeni kubandakanya ukufaka isidumbu. Ingane evezwe isikhathi eside kuma-barbiturates obisini lwebele ingathola izimpawu zokuhoxa uma umama ngokungazelelwe eyeka ukuthatha umuthi we-barbiturate.

Ingabe ama-barbiturates alawulwa yizinto?

Yebo, ukwakheka okuningi kwe-barbiturate kunjalo izinto ezilawulwayo .

  • I-Secobarbital ne-pentobarbital, kanye ne-DEA Schedule II izidakamizwa.
  • I-Butalbital imvamisa iyisidakamizwa se-DEA Schedule III, kuya ngefomu lenhlanganisela.
  • I-Phenobarbital ne-methohexital yizidakamizwa ze-DEA Schedule IV.

Imiphumela emibi ejwayelekile yama-barbiturates

  • Isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, noma ukuqunjelwa
  • Ukuncipha kwamathambo ngokusetshenziswa okungapheli
  • Ukungasebenzi kahle, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni
  • Ukuqhuma noma isifuba
  • Ubuhlungu
  • Ukuvuvukala
  • Ukuphazamiseka kokulala
  • Isiyezi
  • Ubuhlungu bekhanda
  • Ukuzwela kwelanga
  • Imiphumela emibi yezidakamizwa eza ngokuhlangana nama-barbiturate kufanele iqashelwe, kufaka phakathi acetaminophen , ikhafeyini, i-aspirin , futhi ikhodi

Imiphumela emibi ye-barbiturates

  • Ukozela noma ukucobeka
  • Ukulimala okuhlangene, kwethenda, noma kwesikhumba
  • Ukucindezeleka kokuphefumula (ukunciphisa ukuphefumula)
  • Ukuphazamiseka kwamangqamuzana egazi
  • Imicabango yokuzibulala
  • Ukucindezeleka
  • Ukukhuphuka kwePorphyria
  • Ihluli
  • Ukulimala kwesibindi
  • Ukuncika emzimbeni emithini
  • Ukuhoxa uma kumiswe ngokungazelelwe ngemuva kokusetshenziswa okungapheli
  • Ukunciphisa izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo noma umfutho wegazi, ikakhulukazi ngokusetshenziswa kwemithambo yegazi
  • Ukusabela okweqile, okungenzeka kube nzima njengoStevens-Johnson Syndrome
  • Ukudideka noma ukubona izinto ezingekho emqondweni
  • Ukuquleka

Kubiza malini ama-barbiturates?

I-Phenobarbital okwamanje itholakala kuphela njengomuthi ojwayelekile, futhi inani lentengo lemali elijwayelekile cishe lilinganiselwa ku- $ 56. I-Medicare Part D ne-Medicare Advantage zimboza lo muthi. Izindleko zizohluka ngokutholakala komshuwalense. Amakhuphoni we- lindokuhle ayatholakala kwa-SingleCare. Uma usebenzisa i-SingleCare, ungakhokha ngaphansi kuka- $ 20 nge-phenobarbital.

Ukuhlanganiswa okuhlukahlukene okuqukethe i-butalbital kuyatholakala ngamafomu ejwayelekile nawamagama futhi ngokuvamile kubiza phakathi kuka- $ 42 no- $ 437. Amanye ama-Medicare nezinhlelo zemithi yomshuwalense wezempilo zingabandakanya imishanguzo ye-butalbital. I-SingleCare inikeza amakhuphoni we I-Fioricet , I-Esgic , Ugqoko , Zebutali , I-Vtol LQ , kanye nokwenziwa okujwayelekile kwe-butalbital ukusiza ekutholeni intengo engabizi. Ungathola isephulelo esifika kuma-80% ngeSingleCare. Amahhala Ikhadi lesaphulelo se-SingleCare ingasiza futhi ukonga izinkulungwane zeminye imithi kadokotela.