Ingabe ingane yakho ihlonza kabi nge-ADHD?

Imfundo Yezempilo

Ngabe indodakazi yakho ibonakala inamandla angenamkhawulo, izungeza bonke ontanga bayo? Noma kubonakala sengathi indodana yakho inenkinga yokugxila ekilasini, ihola kakhulu kunamazinga alindelekile? Kunzima ngomzali ukwazi ukuthi ukuziphatha okunjengalezi kuyizimpawu ze-ADHD — noma kumane nje ukuba izingane kuyizingane. Ukuthola ukuxilongwa okunembile kwe-ADHD kwengane yakho kochwepheshe bezempilo yengqondo kungasho umehluko phakathi kokuthola nje nokukhula ngokuzethemba.

Kuyini i-ADHD?

Ukunakwa kokushoda kokungasebenzi kahle kuyisifo se-neurodevelopmental esibonakala ngephethini yokuziphatha, esikhona kuzilungiselelo eziningi (isb., Isikole nasekhaya), okungaholela ezindabeni zokusebenza kwezenhlalo, ezemfundo, noma izilungiselelo zomsebenzi, ngokusho kwe- Incwajana Yokuhlola Nezibalo Yezinkinga Zengqondo ( I-DSM-5 ). Lawa maphethini wokuziphatha ahlukaniswe ngokunganaki noma ukungasebenzi kahle futhi afaka nezimpawu ezisukela ekwehlulekeni ukulalela noma ukulandela imiyalo ekubhebhaneni noma ekukhulumeni ngokweqile.

Imbangela ye-ADHD ayaziwa, ngokusho kuka UDiana Deutsch, MD , udokotela wezifo zengqondo ozinze eBrooklyn, yize ethi kukhona okusolwayo okusolakala ukuthi kunofuzo.

Uzovame ukubona ingane enalokhu, futhi ubaba athi, 'Hawu, benginakho lokho lapho ngisemncane,' uyachaza, enezela ukuthi ngenkathi kungenzeka ukuthi uzalwe une-ADHD, izici zemvelo nazo zingaba nazo umthelela esimweni. Lezi zici zemvelo zingabandakanya ukuxhashazwa, izindlela ezingahambelani, isithukuthezi, futhi mhlawumbe nokudla.

Iqiniso lokuthi i-ADHD ihlotshaniswa nokwanda okukhulu ekufeni kukwenza kubaluleke kakhulu ukusungula ukuxilongwa okulungile. Ukwanda kokushona ikakhulukazi kusuka ezingozini, kepha ukuzibulala nokudlula ngokweqile kwezidakamizwa nakho kuvame kakhulu ezinganeni nakubantu abadala abane-ADHD.

Izimpawu ze-ADHD

Izimpawu ze-ADHD ziwela ezigabeni ezimbili: ukunganaki nokungaziphathi kahle, izingane eziningi zinenhlanganisela yazo zombili, ngokusho kukaDkt. Deutsch.

Izimpawu ezijwayelekile zokunganaki zifaka:

• Kunzima ukugcina ukunakwa
• Ukuphazamiseka kalula
• Ukungayinaki imininingwane
• Ukwenza amaphutha anganaki
• Ukulwela ukuqeda izabelo noma ukulandela izinkomba
• Ukulahlekelwa noma ukukhohlwa izinto

Izimpawu ezijwayelekile ze-hyperactivity-impulsivity zifaka:

• Ukwenza ngaphambi kokucabanga
• Ukungahlaliseki nokuzamazama
• Ukukhuluma kakhulu noma ukuphazamisa abantu ngezikhathi ezingafanele.

Lezi zimpawu kumele zivele enganeni ngaphambi kweminyaka yobudala eyi-12 futhi zidale ukuphazamiseka empilweni yazo, ukuze kutholakale ukuxilongwa kwe-ADHD.

Ukufeza lokho, uma njengomuntu omdala , ngokuzumayo uzithola unenkinga yokugxila, kunezimo eziningi kakhulu (njengokukhathazeka noma ukucindezeleka) okungenzeka ukuthi udokotela wakho akhiphe kuqala. Yize kunjalo, kujwayelekile ukuthi umuntu omdala abe ne-ADHD eseyingane futhi aqhubeke nokuba umuntu omdala. Kulezi zimo, uDkt Deutsch uthi izimpawu zingabukeka zifana nasebudaleni, noma ngabe amagama asetshenzisiwe ukuzichaza kungenzeka ahluke kakhulu.

Alukho uhlu lwezimpawu lwe-ADHD lwezingane ku-DSM uma kuqhathaniswa nohlu lwabantu abadala, usho kanjalo. Noma kunjalo, ivame ukwethula ngokuhlukile. Ungaba nomlingani wakho athi, 'Umyeni wami usuka kokunye aye kokunye futhi kunzima kuye.' Noma kwesinye isikhathi umuntu omusha osemusha uzongena athi, 'Ngiyazi ukuthi bengilokhu nginenkinga, kepha akekho owake yangiyisa [kudokotela], noma ngangihlakaniphe ngokwanele ukuthi ngakwazi. '

Kungani kwenzeka i-ADHD misdiagnosis?

Inani elilinganisiwe lezingane ezake zatholakala zine-ADHD, ngohlolo lwabazali ngo-2016 olucashunwe ngu Izikhungo Zokulawulwa Nokuvikelwa Kwezifo (CDC), ingu-6.1 million. Noma kunjalo, ucwaningo lwango-2017 olushicilelwe ku- Ingqondo Yezingane Nezingane Ezisakhula Nezempilo Yengqondo uphakamise ukuthi cishe izingane eziyizigidi eziyi-1.1 e-United States zithole ukuxilongwa okungafanele kwe-ADHD.

Ucwaningo lubonise izizathu eziningi ezingaba khona zokungaxilongwa kahle kwe-ADHD kufaka phakathi:

• Ukuba nosuku lokuzalwa eduze nosuku lokunqunywa kwenkulisa. Imvamisa, lezi zimilo zabafundi ezingavuthiwe ziqhathaniswa nokuziphatha kwabafundi abafunda nabo abavuthiwe ngokwengeziwe ukuze kufinyelelwe ekuxilongweni. (Ngokuyinhloko, ngenkathi bonke abafundi besenkulisa, izenzo zomntwana oneminyaka emihlanu zingahle zibe nobuncane kunezenzo zabantwana abaneminyaka eyisithupha.)
• Odokotela beza eziphethweni zabo futhi bengazisebenzisi kahle izindlela zokuxilonga ezichazwe kufayela le- I-DSM-5 .
• Izimpawu ze-ADHD zilingisa lezo zezinye izimo, noma isiguli sethula ngezimo eziningi, okwenza ukuxilongwa kube nzima kakhulu.

Lapho kutholakala ukuthi i-ADHD, odokotela kufanele baqaphele ukuthi bangahlanganisi izimpawu ze-ADHD nezinye izinkinga zempilo yengqondo, njengokuphazamiseka kokukhathazeka noma ukuphazamiseka kwemizwelo. Noma ngubani oke wakhathazeka, okunguye wonke umuntu, uyazi ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukunaka lapho ukhathazeke ngempela, kusho uDkt. Awukwazi ukugxila.

Ukuphazamiseka kokuthuthuka, njengokukhubazeka kokufunda kanye nokuphazamiseka kwe-autism spectrum, nakho kufanele kukhishwe. Enye into kwesinye isikhathi ingane ayifaniswa kahle nje ezifundweni, kusho uDkt Deutsch. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu. Izingane zomunye umuntu zizobuya ekhaya futhi zizothi zinesithukuthezi, kodwa empeleni mhlawumbe zinokukhubazeka kokufunda.

Kungenzeka ukuthi ingane ibe nakho kokubili ukukhubazeka kokukhula kanye ne-ADHD (noma ukukhathazeka / ukudangala kanye ne-ADHD), ngakho-ke kuningi okucashile okubandakanyekile ekutholeni ngokunembile inkinga (s) eyisisekelo.

Ngenkathi ukuxilongwa ngokweqile kuyinkinga ekhulunywa njalo nge-ADHD, ukunakekelwa okuncane kunikezwa isimo sokutholakala kokungaqondakali. Amantombazane amancane, ikakhulukazi, atholakala ngokungajwayelekile kaningi, imvamisa ngoba izimpawu zawo azilona uhlobo oluqapheleka kakhulu futhi ziyakwazi ukunxephezela ngokwanele.

Amantombazane ahlakaniphile yiqembu elinganakwa kakhulu, engilibona lapho lineminyaka engama-27 ubudala, kusho u-Owen Muir, MD, udokotela wezifo zengqondo futhi ongumsunguli IBrooklyn Minds . Akekho onendaba ukuthi uthola u-A hhayi u-A +, noma uma uyintombazane, futhi uthola i-B +, ikakhulukazi uma uthule. Futhi amantombazane athule kangaka ane-ADHD enganaki futhi ehlakaniphile kakhulu, abukho ubunzima obanele ebangeni lesikole noma esikoleni esiphakeme ukwenza kube nendaba. Bangazenza lezo zinto ebuthongweni babo. Bangakhubazeka kakhulu, kepha Uma behlakaniphe ngokwanele, akunandaba-uze ufike lapho ushaya khona udonga. Futhi lelo phuzu lapho izidingo zidlula amandla abo okubhekana nazo, okudala ukuxilongwa kamuva kakhulu empilweni.

Ukuphila ne-ADHD engatholakali (ngakho-ke, ungelashwa) kungaba nemiphumela emikhulu, kusukela ekuzithembeni okuphansi kanye nobunzima emsebenzini kuya ezinkingeni zobudlelwano-noma uzame nokuzibulala.

OKUSHIWO: Izinzuzo zemithi ye-ADHD yentsha

Ukuxilonga kahle i-ADHD

Uma ingane yakho ikhombisa izimpawu ze-ADHD, kubalulekile ukuyiyisa kochwepheshe bezokwelapha ukuze bayohlolwa. Isinyathelo sokuqala, ngokusho kwe- i-CDC , kuvame ukuhlolwa okulula kwezokwelapha ukuhlola umbono wabo nokuzwa ukukhipha noma yiziphi izimo zomzimba ezingalingisa izimpawu ze-ADHD. Ngemuva kwalokho, uchwepheshe wezempilo yengqondo kungenzeka aqhube uchungechunge lwezingxoxo, nabazali, othisha, nengane, ukuthola umqondo wokuthi ziyini izingqinamba nokuthi zithinta kanjani impilo yengane yesikole nempilo yasekhaya.

UDkt. Deutsch uthi ngempela kuwukuxilongwa ngemitholampilo. Kepha ukuze sikwenze, kufanele sibeke izingcezu eziningi ezingezona ezomtholampilo. Kepha ikakhulukazi uhlu. Ukwenza: Kungani le ngane ingenzi lokho obungakulindela? Kungani lo muntu enenkinga engaka kulesi simo sezemfundo? Kufana nokuba ngumseshi.

Ibanga leminyaka yobudala eyamukelwe, ngokusho kwe- I-American Academy Yezingane , uneminyaka emi-4 kuya kwengu-18 ubudala.

Ukwelashwa kwe-ADHD

Ukwelashwa kwe-ADHD kuwela ezigabeni ezimbili: kokuziphatha nokwelashwa kwemithi. Ngokuya ngeminyaka nezidingo zengane, zivame ukusetshenziselwa ngokulandelana ukuphatha lesi sifo.

Uyiphatha kanjani i-ADHD ngaphandle kwemithi?

Ukwelashwa ngokuziphatha ngokuvamile kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sezingane ezincane kakhulu (ezineminyaka engu-4 no-5) ezitholwe zine-ADHD. Lokhu kuvame ukuthatha isimo sokuqeqeshwa kwabazali. Abazali kufanele baqonde ukuthi badinga ukuqinisa ngokuziphatha okuhle abakubonayo, kusho uDkt Deutsch. Abazali bafunda nokuthi bangayihlukanisa kanjani imisebenzi emikhulu ngezinyathelo ezincane. Ukuze ingane yabo ilandele ngempumelelo, isinyathelo ngasinye kufanele sihambisane nokuqiniswa okuhle ngokwengeziwe. Ezinganeni ezindala, ukwelashwa kokuziphatha kungafaka futhi uhlobo oluthile lokwelashwa. Ochwepheshe bezempilo yengqondo bangabuye babonisane nothisha besitshudeni ukuze babasungulele uhlobo olufanele lwecebo lokufunda labo.

Yimuphi umuthi ongcono kakhulu we-ADHD?

Imithi ye-ADHD iwela ezigabeni ezimbili: izikhuthazi nezingavuseleli. Ulayini wokuqala yizikhuthazi, kusho uDkt Deutsch. Imithi ekhuthazayo (evame ukuba yi-methylphenidate noma i-amphetamine-based) ifaka izidakamizwa ezifana Adderall , URitalin , futhi I-Dexedrine . Ngokusho kwe- Ukuphathwa Kwezokudla Nezidakamizwa (i-FDA) ,kukholelwa ukuthi zandisa amazinga obuchopho e-dopamine — i-neurotransmitter ehambisana nokugqugquzela, ukunaka, nokunyakaza, okunomphumela wokutholisa umoya. Uma izingane zingakwazi ukuthatha isikhuthazi (mhlawumbe ngenxa yesinye isimo esiyimbangela), zizobe sezinikezwa umuthi ongavuseleli onjengeStrattera (atomoxetine), Intuniv (guanfacine), noma iKapvay (clonidine).

Le mithi ingaba nemiphumela engemihle, futhi alukho uhlelo lokwelashwa olulingana nosayizi owodwa lwe-ADHD, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukusebenzisana nodokotela wengane yakho ukuhlelela uhlelo lokwelashwa kwabo, olungadinga ukuthinteka okuthile endleleni.

OKUSHIWO: Lapho imithi ye-ADHD iphela: Ungalisingatha kanjani ihora lokuthakatha ngemuva kwesikole

Ngenkathi i-ADHD ingenakulapheka, ingaphathwa kahle. Abantu abaningi abanalesi simo bakha amasu okubhekana ngokuphumelelayo nalokho abangasayidingi imishanguzo njengabantu abadala.