Ikusasa lokulawulwa kokuzalwa kwabesilisa: Ngubani okufanele alawule izinto zokuvimbela inzalo?

Izindaba

Ngo-1960, iphilisi lokulawula ukubeletha lavunywa yi-Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ukuze lisetshenziselwe ukukhulelwa kwabesifazane. Manje, eminyakeni engama-60 kamuva, abesifazane basabhekene ngokuyinhloko nokuvikela ukukhulelwa besebenzisa izindlela ezifana nephilisi, ama-IUD, nezindandatho zangasese.

Ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zokulawulwa kokubeletha, zimbalwa kuphela ezingasetshenziswa ngabesilisa: amakhondomu, ukuhoxa (okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi indlela yokukhipha), ama-vasectomies, i-outercourse, nokuyeka. Noma kunjalo, kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa ze- ukulawulwa kokuzalwa kwabesilisa esigabeni sesivivinyo somtholampilo. Kunezindlela ezintathu zokulawulwa kokuzalwa kwabesilisa ekwakhiweni:

1. Iphilisi lokuvimbela ukukhulelwa lesilisa elisebenza nsuku zonke (ebizwa ngokuthi i-dimethandrolone undecanoate noma i-DMAU) eyehlisa amazinga e-testosterone (i-hormone yabesilisa)
2. Ijeli elihlosiwe ecindezela ukukhiqizwa kwesidoda
3. TO ukudubula kanye ofaka i-gel kuma-vas deferens (umgudu ohambisa isidoda e-urethra) ukuvimba isidoda ekuhambeni ngaphandle kwamasende

Ukungeza lezi zindlela ezintathu kungakhulisa kakhulu izinketho zabesilisa ekuvimbeleni ukukhulelwa okungafuneki.

Sasinentshisekelo yokubona ukuthi izindlela ezintathu zokulawula ukuzalwa kwamadoda zingashintsha kanjani amandla phakathi kwabalingani bezocansi besilisa nabesifazane nokuthi babelana kanjani ngomthwalo wezempilo yabo yokuzala. Ukuthola, sahlola abantu abangama-998 abaya ocansini, abantu abaqondile abaneminyaka eyi-18 kuya kwengama-37. Nakhu esikufundile…

Ngubani okufanele aphathe ukulawulwa kokuzalwa?

Uma kukhulunywa ngokwabelana ngomthwalo wokulawulwa kokubeletha, cishe abesifazane abathathu kwabangu-4 futhi cishe amadoda angama-72% akholelwa ukuthi bobabili abalingani bobulili babenomthwalo ofanayo wokusebenzisa ukubeletha.

Kwakunamaphesenti amakhulu kakhulu wabesilisa kunabesifazane ababekholelwa ukuthi owesifazane kufanele abe nomthwalo oyinhloko wokulawulwa kokubeletha, noma kunjalo, mhlawumbe ngoba le ndima ithathwe ngabesifazane amashumi eminyaka ambalwa.

Umngcele omusha wokuvimbela ukukhulelwa

Ngamanani amakhulu wamadoda aphendula ngokulingana emisebenzini yokulawulwa kokubeletha, sihlolisise ababambiqhaza ukuthi yiziphi izindlela zokuvimbela inzalo zabesilisa abangathanda ukuzisebenzisa.

Abesifazane abangaphezu kwama-50% bazovulelwa ukuthi abalingani babo besilisa basebenzise iphilisi lokulawula ukubeletha nsuku zonke. Abesifazane abangabodwa babethambekele ikakhulukazi ekubeni nomlingani osebenzisa iphilisi le-hormonal nsuku zonke (63%). Kukonke, abesifazane abaningi babevulekele iphilisi lokulawula ukuzalwa kowesilisa kunabesilisa.

Ngenkathi abesilisa abangama-40% bethi bazosebenzisa iphilisi lokulawula ukuzalwa kwansuku zonke le-hormonal, iphesenti elifanayo labahlanganyeli besilisa ngeke livulekele kunoma yikuphi okukhethwa kukho okuthathu.

Nginomuzwa wokuthi izinketho eziningi zabesilisa zingashintsha amandla, zinikeze amadoda amandla athe xaxa futhi mhlawumbe nomthwalo owengeziwe wokuvimbela ukukhulelwa, kusho umuntu obambe iqhaza ocwaningweni lowesilisa oneminyaka engu-27 waseNew York.

Ukulawulwa kokuzalwa komuntu ngomjovo kwakucishe kuphindwe kabili kokuthandwa kwabesifazane ebudlelwaneni kunabesilisa ebudlelwaneni. Njengoba umjovo ubuzofakwa esifundeni esibucayi ikakhulukazi, kuyaqondakala ukuthi le nketho ngeke ibe yindlela yokuqala yamadoda yokulawula inzalo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umjovo wesikhathi esisodwa ungaba nokuheha okukhulu kwabesifazane izinketho zabo zamanje zokulawula ukubeletha ezidinga ukunakekelwa okujwayelekile, njengephilisi lansuku zonke noma iringi yanyanga yonke yesitho sangasese sowesifazane.

Izindlela zokulawulwa kokubeletha ezinconywe ngabesifazane

Siphinde safuna ukwazi ukuthi ngabe abesifazane kungenzeka yini ukuthi bakhethe izindlela zokulawula ukubeletha zabalingani babo ngokuya ngezindlela abazisebenzisayo njengamanje. Uma kukhulunywa ngabesifazane abasebenzisa iphilisi nokudutshulwa, kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi bakhethe izindlela ezifanayo zomlingani ongaba naye.

Abesifazane abangaphezu kwama-60% ababesepilisi njengamanje bakhetha iphilisi labesilisa kunezinye izindlela zokulawulwa kokuzalwa kwabesilisa. Ngokunjalo, cishe abesifazane abangama-66% abathole isibhamu baphendule ngokuthi bakhetha umlingani wesilisa ukusebenzisa isibhamu sokulawula ukuzalwa.

Amaphesenti amakhulu wabesifazane abesebenzisa izindlela ezingezinhle zokulawulwa kokuzalwa njenge- i-IUD , iringi yesitho sangasese sowesifazane, noma ukufakwa kokulawulwa kokuzalwa nakho kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi kukhethwe isibhamu esingeyona eye-hormonal. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umjovo wesikhathi esisodwa ungahle ube nokusebenziseka okufanayo nokusebenza isikhathi eside ku-IUD, iringi, nokufaka.

Ukushintsha izindlela zamanje zokulawulwa kokuzalwa

Njengoba kunezindlela eziningi zokulawulwa kokuzalwa kwabesilisa, sihlolisise abesifazane ukubona ukuthi kungayithinta kanjani indlela yabo yokwenza imikhuba yabo yokulawula ukuzalwa.

Cishe abesifazane abangama-61% bazoqhubeka nokusebenzisa indlela yabo yokulawula ukubeletha uma benomlingani osebenzisa noma yiziphi izindlela ezintathu zokulawula ukubeletha kwabesilisa. Abesifazane bangathatha isinqumo sokuhlala bethembekile ezindleleni zabo zamanje zokulawula ukubeletha uma benabalingani abaningi bezocansi futhi kuphela abanye babo abasebenzisa ukulawulwa kokuzalwa kwabesilisa. Uma kubhekwa u-30% wabesifazane bathi bakhetha ukusebenzisa izindlela ezimbili zokuvimbela ukubeletha ngasikhathi sinye, akumangalisi ukuthi bazoqhubeka nokusebenzisa indlela yabo yokulawula inzalo noma ngabe umlingani asebenzise ukulawulwa kokuzalwa kwabesilisa.

Abesifazane ababene-IUDs babencane amathuba okuthi bathembele kozakwethu besebenzisa ukulawulwa kokuzalwa kwabesilisa. Cishe abesifazane abathathu kwabane abane manje abane-IUD bazoqhubeka nokusebenzisa le ndlela yokulawula ukubeletha. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ama-IUD anjalo 99% ngempumelelo futhi ihlala kuphi kusuka eminyakeni emithathu kuya kwengu-12. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abesifazane abangaphezu kwama-52% abasebenzise kakhulu amakhondomu abesifazane bangakhetha ukushintshela ohlotsheni olusha lokulawulwa kokuzalwa. Kunjalo I-79% iyasebenza , okubenza bathembeke kakhulu kunamaphilisi okulawula ukubeletha noma ama-IUD, futhi lokhu kungaba esinye sezizathu esenza ukuthi abasebenzisi bekhondomu besifazane bavulekele kakhulu ukwenza ushintsho.

Ububi bokulawulwa kokuzalwa kwabesilisa

Izindlela zamanje zokulawulwa kokuzalwa kwabesilisa zibhajwe esigabeni sokuhlolwa sokuphepha iminyaka, futhi ezinye izifundo ziye zancishiswa ngenxa yemiphumela emibi kakhulu.

Phakathi ku icala lokho kufaka amadoda angama-320 aphilile wokudutshulwa kokulawulwa kokuzalwa kwamahomoni, ababambiqhaza abangama-20 baphuma ocwaningweni. Imiphumela emibi ebucayi eyenzeke ngesikhathi sokuqulwa kwecala ibandakanya icala lokudangala, ukushaya kwenhliziyo okungajwayelekile, kanye ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-erectile . Cishe imicimbi emibi ye-1,500 emibi ibikwe ngesikhathi kufundwa, kufaka phakathi imiphumela emincane efana nobuhlungu besiza somjovo, induna, nokwanda kokushayela ucansi.

Izindlela zokulawulwa kwabesifazane okwamanje ezisemakethe sezivele zaziwa ukuthi zinemiphumela engemihle eminingi. Iphilisi lokuvimbela ukukhulelwa le-hormonal nsuku zonke lingadala isicanucanu, ikhanda, ukuzuza kwesisindo , izinguquko kwamehlo, nokunye okuningi.

Ukuqwashisa ngemiphumela emibi yezindlela ezithile zokulawulwa kokuzalwa kwabesifazane kungenza ukuthi abesilisa nabesifazane baxwaye ngezinketho ezintsha zokulawulwa kokuzalwa kwabesilisa. Ucwaningo luveze ukuthi u-67% wamadoda no-57% wabesifazane bakhathazekile ngemiphumela emibi yezocansi evela ekulawuleni ukuzalwa kwabesilisa. Ngokwengeziwe, abesilisa abangaphezu kwama-53% namaphesenti angama-45 abesifazane bathe bakhathazekile ngemiphumela emibi yezempilo yengqondo.

Ngingathanda lo mqondo uma bungabangeli imiphumela emibi, kusho owesifazane oneminyaka engu-33 obambe iqhaza ocwaningweni waseNew Mexico. Ukulawulwa kokuzalwa kwamahomoni kwabesifazane kudala imiphumela emibi eminingi, ngakho-ke angikuthembi ukulawulwa kokuzalwa kwamahomoni wesilisa okwamanje. Akekho umuntu okufanele aphoqwe ukuthi adlule kwimiphumela engemihle yezempilo uma kukhona ezinye izindlela ezikhona.

Izinzuzo zokulawulwa kokuzalwa

Inzuzo ebonwa enkulu kunazo zonke yokulawulwa kokuzalwa kwabesilisa ngamadoda yanda ukuvimbela ukukhulelwa. Abesilisa abangaphezu kwama-31% baphendule ngokuthi bazozizwa belawula kakhulu impilo yabo yokuzala, kanti abanye abangama-34% bathe bazoyeka ukugqoka amakhondomu.

Abesifazane abangaphezu kwama-56% bakholelwa ukuthi ukulawulwa kokuzalwa kwabesilisa kungenza kufanelekile kwabesilisa nabesifazane ukuthi babhekane nokulawulwa kokubeletha, kuyilapho abesilisa abangaphansi kwama-38% bevumile.

Ngingajabula ukuba namandla aphelele okulawula amakhono ami okuzala, kodwa ngingacasuka uma kufanele ngivakashele ihhovisi likadokotela kaningi ukuthola isibhamu noma imiyalelo, kusho owesilisa oneminyaka engama-34 ubudala ohlanganyela eFlorida.

Amaphesenti angamashumi amane nantathu abesifazane avumile ukuthi ukutholakala kwezindlela zokulawula ukubeletha kwabesilisa kuzobavumela ukuthi bazizwe bengaphansi kwengcindezi mayelana nokugwema ukukhulelwa okungafunwa, kuyilapho abesilisa abangaphezu kwama-27% bezizwa benengcindezi encane.

Ucwaningo lwamuva lutholakele ukuthi uma u-10% wamadoda anentshisekelo ekuvikeleni abesilisa esebenzisa izindlela ezintsha zokuvimbela inzalo, ukukhulelwa okungahlosiwe kuzokwehliselwa ku-5.2% e-United States.

Isiphetho

Iphilisi lokulawula ukubeletha labesifazane lishintshe impilo njengoba sazi, futhi kusazobonakala ukuthi izindlela ezintsha zokulawulwa kokuzalwa kwabesilisa zizoba nomthelela ofanayo kanjani. Ngababambiqhaza abangaphezu kwama-70% abaphendula ukuthi bobabili abalingani bobulili kufanele babhekane ngokulinganayo nokulawulwa kokuzalwa, izindlela ezintathu ezintsha zabesilisa zingashintsha amandla phakathi kwabalingani bezocansi.

Amaphesenti angama-40 abesilisa aphendule ukuthi angazimisela ukuzama iphilisi lokulawula ukubeletha nsuku zonke. Ngezinga elikhulu, lokho kungachaza ngokuphelele ukuthi njengamanje sikuthinta kanjani ukubeletha. Akukona nje kuphela ukuthi ukuvimbela inzalo okusebenzayo kwabesilisa kungakhuphula izinga lokulawula abantu abanalo mayelana nokuzala kwabo kepha futhi kungasabalalisa umthwalo wemfanelo kanye nenkululeko phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane uma kukhulunywa ngempilo yezocansi.

Indlela yokusebenza
Ukwenza isifundo sethu, saqasha abantu abangama-998 abaya ocansini, abantu abaqondile abaneminyaka eyi-18 kuye ku-37 abahlala e-US ukuthi babambe iqhaza ocwaningweni. Isilinganiso seminyaka sasingu-30.3. Ukuphambuka okujwayelekile kweminyaka bekuyiminyaka engu-4.8. Ababambe iqhaza abangama-495 bekungamadoda, kanti abangama-493 bekungabesifazane. Abangu-773 bebesebudlelwaneni, kanti abangu-215 bebengashadile. Ucwaningo lwenziwe kusetshenziswa iMechanical Turk yaseAmazon.

Ukulinganiselwa
Njengoba ucwaningo lwethu luthembele kuphela ezinkumbulweni kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabahlanganyeli bethu, olunye ulwazi abalubikile kungenzeka ukuthi belungaphelele, lunehaba, noma lubekelwe phansi.

Lolu cwaningo belugxile kakhulu ezimeni zokucabanga, ngakho-ke izimpendulo kungenzeka bezihlukile uma ngabe lezi zinketho zokulawulwa kwabesilisa bezitholakala e-U.S.

Lolu cwaningo futhi kungenzeka ukuthi aluzange lubandakanye zonke izinketho zokulawulwa kokuzalwa kwabesilisa ezisacwaningwa manje futhi zenziwa.

Okutholakele kulolu cwaningo akuzange kulinganiswe noma kuhlolwe ngokwezibalo.