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Izibalo zokukhathazeka 2021

Izindaba

Sonke bake bazizwa bekhathazekile kwesinye isikhathi, noma ngabe kungaphambi kokuhlolwa okukhulu noma ukukhuluma phambi kwabantu. Kodwa-ke, abanye abantu babhekana nokukhathazeka ngaphezu kwabanye. Ukukhathazeka okungahlukaniseki kwesinye isikhathi kungadalwa yinkinga eyisisekelo, imvamisa, isifo sokukhathazeka. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngezimpawu, izimbangela, ukwanda, kanye ukwelashwa kulabo abaphatha ukukhathazeka.

Kuyini ukukhathazeka?

Ukukhathazeka impendulo yomzimba ekukhathazekeni nasekwesabeni. Kodwa-ke, [ukukhathazeka] akulula kangako njengoba kunezinhlobonhlobo zokuthi ukukhathazeka kubathinta ngokujule kangakanani abantu nokuthi kuphazamisa kangakanani izinga lempilo yabo, kusho Sanam Hafeez , Psy.D, isazi se-neuropsychologist eNew York City nelungu lobuchwepheshe e-Columbia University.

Kukhona uquqaba lwe ukukhathazeka lokho kubangela ukukhathazeka, ukukhathazeka, kanye nengcindezi ngenxa yokuxhumana nabantu, impilo yomuntu siqu, umsebenzi, noma i-phobia ethile. Izinhlobo zokuphazamiseka kokukhathazeka zibandakanya ukwethuka ukukhathazeka, ukukhathazeka okujwayelekile, i-agoraphobia (ukwesaba izindawo ezingadala imizwa yokukhathazeka), i-phobia ethile, ukukhathazeka kokukhathazeka komphakathi, ukucindezeleka kwangemva kwenhlekelele , ukuphazamiseka okuphoqelela ngokweqile , nokwehlukana kokukhathazeka.

Kubantu abaningi abanexhala, isimo sabo sithinta amandla abo okusebenza empilweni yansuku zonke. Kulabo abanenkinga yokukhathazeka ejwayelekile, izimpawu zingafaka ukungazinzi, ukuzwa on-onqenqemeni, ukukhathala, ubunzima bokugxila, kanye nokuqina kwemisipha. Izinkinga eziningi zokukhathazeka zidala ukuthi abantu bahlaselwe ukwethuka, okuyizikhathi zokwesaba okukhulu okubangelwa yinto noma isimo esingafinyelela phezulu kwabo kungakapheli imizuzu.

Ukukhathazeka kuthinta abantu ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, imvamisa kuya ngohlobo lokukhathazeka, kusho UJill Stoddard , Ph.D, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo esizinze eSan Diego. Uthi ukugwema izimbangela zokukhathazeka kuyinto evamile kuzo zonke izinkinga zokukhathazeka.

Isibonelo, abantu abanenkinga yokwethuka bangayeka ukuzivocavoca noma ukuya ocansini ukugwema ukwanda kwezimpawu ezimbi zomzimba; abantu abane-agoraphobia bangagwema izinxanxathela zezitolo, izixuku, ukushayela noma ukundiza — noma isiphi isimo lapho bangaba nezimpawu zokwethuka bangakwazi ukuphunyuka noma bathole usizo, kusho uStoddard.

Isifo sokukhathazeka esijwayelekile

Isifo sokukhathazeka esijwayelekile noma i-GAD yisifo esivame kakhulu sokukhathazeka. Lokhu kutholakala ngemuva kokuba umuntu enenkathazo, ngaphandle kokuyicasula, izinsuku eziningi isikhathi esingangezinyanga eziyisithupha okungenani. Lokhu kuzoqala ukuthinta impilo yomuntu yenhlalo, yomsebenzi, neyasekhaya. Ngokusho kwe-Isikhungo Sikazwelonke Sezempilo Yengqondo(NIMH), izimpawu ze-GAD zingafaka:

Ukuzizwa ungahlaliseki noma onqenqemeni
Ukuzizwa ngikhathele njalo
Kunzima ukugxila
Ukuthukuthela
Imizwa eyeqile yokukhathazeka okunzima ukuyilawula
Kunzima ngokulala

Ukuphazamiseka kovalo

Ukuphazamiseka kovalo kubonakaliswa ukuhlaselwa ukwethuka okungalindelekile nokuphindaphindwayo. Abantu abahlaselwa ukwesaba bangazama ukugwema izimo noma bahlale bekhathazeka ngokuthi ukuhlaselwa okulandelayo kwesibindi kungenzeka nini. Izimpawu zokuhlaselwa ukwesaba zibandakanya:

Ukushaya kwenhliziyo noma ukukhuphuka kwenhliziyo
Ukujuluka noma ukubanda
Ukuthuthumela, ukuthuthumela
Ukuphelelwa umoya
Umuzwa wokwesaba
Ukuzwa ukulahlekelwa ukulawula

Izinkinga ezihlobene nePhobia

Izinkinga ezihlobene nePhobia ukwesaba noma ukwesaba ngezinto ezithile noma izimo ezithile. Ngenkathi ezinye zalezi zinto noma izimo zingaba nesizathu sokubangela ukwesaba, ukwesaba okuzwiwa yilowo muntu akuhambelani nengozi yangempela ebangelwe. Kunezinkinga ezahlukahlukene ezihlobene ne-phobia. Ezinye zezinto ezivamile zifaka:

Ama-phobias athile abangela umuntu ukuthi abe nokwesaba okungenangqondo noma okungenangqondo kwento ethile noma isimo esithile. Amanye ama-phobias ajwayelekile afaka ukundiza, ukuphakama, noma izicabucabu. Izimpawu zalesi sifo zivame ukuqala ebuntwaneni.
Isifo sokukhathazeka komphakathi, esasaziwa phambilini njenge-phobia yomphakathi, ukukhathazeka okukhulu mayelana nokwahlulelwa noma ukwaliwa ezimweni zomphakathi. Imvamisa, abantu abanenkinga yokukhathazeka komphakathi bayabona ukuthi ukukhathazeka kwabo akunangqondo, kepha basazizwa bengenamandla ezimeni zomphakathi.
I-Agoraphobia, umuntu one-agoraphobia udinga ukuba nezimpawu ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ezilandelayo zokuxilongwa: ukwesaba izinto zokuhamba zomphakathi, ukwesaba izindawo ezivulekile noma izindawo ezivalekile, ukuma esixukwini, noma ukuba ngaphandle kwekhaya yedwa. Ezimweni ezinzima ze-agoraphobia, umuntu angabuyela ekhaya.

Kunezinye izinkinga ezimbili ezivamile ezinokukhathazeka njengesinye sezimpawu ezisemqoka kepha azisahlukaniswa njengezinkinga zokukhathazeka kwi-DSM-5. Kubandakanya:

Ukuphazamiseka okubangelwa ukucindezela

Isifo sokucindezela okucindezelayo noma i-OCD kuyisifo lapho abantu beba khona njalo, imicabango engadingeki, imibono, noma imizwa (ukuthatheka) noma isifiso sokwenza okuthile ngokuphindaphindiwe (ukuphoqelelwa). Abanye abantu banokuphazamiseka nokucindezelwa. Izibonelo zokuziphatha kwe-OCD zifaka:

Ukuhlola izinto kaninginingi ukunciphisa ukwesaba ukuzilimaza. Lezi zinto zingafaka izinto ezifana namalokhi, iziko, amalambu.
Ukuphinda igama, ibinzana, noma isimilo ngoba lowo muntu wesaba ukuthi kuzokwenzeka okubi uma engaqediwe.
Ukuphoqelelwa kokuhlanza kungenzeka ngoba kunokwesaba ukungcoliswa okuvela ezintweni ezinjengokungcola namagciwane.
Uku-oda nokuhlela izinto ngendlela ehambisanayo noma ukuhleleka okuthile ukunciphisa ukungakhululeki.
Imicabango noma imizwa engenayo ingahle ivele iphinde ibangele imizwa yokukhathazeka.

Ukucindezeleka kwangemva kwenhlekelele

Isifo sokucindezeleka kwangemva kwenhlekelele noma i-PTSD kwenzeka lapho umuntu enenkinga yokululama ngemuva kwesehlakalo esibuhlungu. Izimpawu zingenzeka izinyanga noma ngaphezulu ngemuva komcimbi. Kunezimpawu ezahlukahlukene ze-PTSD, ezinye zazo ezibandakanya:

Izinkumbulo ezingafuneki neziphindaphindeka ezikucindezelayo noma ukubuyela emuva komcimbi
Amaphupho amabi ngomcimbi
Ukugwema izinto ezihlobene nomcimbi: abantu, izindawo, noma izimo
Ukungabi nathemba ngekusasa

Ukukhathazeka kuqhathaniswa nokudangala

Kubalulekile ukuthi wazi ukuthi kunomehluko phakathi kokukhathazeka nokudangala. Ngomqondo oyisisekelo, ukukhathazeka umuzwa okweqile wokukhathazeka, lapho ukucindezeleka kuyimizwa eyeqile yokuphelelwa yithemba nokungabi nalutho. Kungenzeka ukuthi othile abe nokukhathazeka nokudangala ngasikhathi sinye.

Kuvame kangakanani ukukhathazeka?

Ocwaningweni lwango-2020, ama-62% wabaphenduli babika ukuthi babhekene nezinga elithile lokukhathazeka. (I-SingleCare, 2020)
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi u-31% wabo bonke abantu abadala uzobhekana nesifo sokukhathazeka ngesinye isikhathi empilweni yabo. (Inhlangano Yokukhathazeka Nokucindezeleka YaseMelika, 2020)
Abantu abadala abalinganiselwa ku-19.1% eMelika babenenkinga yokukhathazeka kusukela ngo-2001-2003. (IHarvard Medical School, 2007)
Izinkinga zokukhathazeka zivame kakhulu kwabesifazane kunabesilisa e-United States nasemhlabeni jikelele. (NIMH, 2017) (Umhlaba Wethu Emininingwane, 2018)
Ama-phobias athile yisifo sokukhathazeka esenzeka kakhulu, esithinta abantu abadala abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-19 e-U.S.ADAA, 2020)

Izibalo zomhlaba wonke zokukhathazeka

Kulinganiselwa ukuthi abantu abadala abayizigidi ezingama-264 emhlabeni wonke banexhala. (Inhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba, 2017)
Kulaba bantu abadala, izigidi eziyi-179 kwakungabesifazane (63%) kwathi abayizigidi eziyi-105 kwabesilisa (37%). (Umhlaba Wethu Emininingwane , 2018)
Ukusabalala kwazo zonke izifo zengqondo kukhuphuke ngama-50% emhlabeni wonke kusuka ezigidini ezingama-416 kuya kweziyi-615 phakathi kuka-1990 no-2013. (I-World Health Organization, 2016)

Izibalo zokukhathazeka e-United States

Izibalo ezilandelayo zicaciselwe abantu abadala e-U.S.:

Ukukhathazeka ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okuvame kakhulu e-U.S., Kuthinta abantu abadala abayizigidi ezingama-40. (ADAA, 2020)
Ukwanda kwesimo sokugula ngengqondo kusuka kokuphansi kakhulu eFlorida (16.03%) kuya kokuphakeme (22.66%) e-Oregon. (Ingqondo Yezempilo Melika, 2017)
Iningi labantu abadala abanexhala linokukhubazeka okuncane (43.5%), ama-33.7% anokukhubazeka okulingene, kuthi ama-22.8% abe nokukhubazeka okukhulu. (NIMH, 2017)
Cishe uhhafu (47%) wabaphenduli bocwaningo babhekana nokukhathazeka njalo. (I-SingleCare, 2020)
Abantu abadala abayizigidi eziyi-19 bahlangabezana nama-phobias athile, okwenza kube yisifo sokukhathazeka esivame kakhulu eMelika. (ADAA , 2020 )
Abantu abadala abayizigidi eziyi-15 banexhala emphakathini. ( ADAA ,2020)
Abantu abadala abayizigidi ezingu-7.7 bane-PTSD. (ADAA , 2020)
Abantu abadala abayizigidi ezingama-6.8 bakhiqize ukukhathazeka ngokweqile. (ADAA , 2020 )
Abantu abadala abayizigidi eziyisithupha banezinkinga zokwethuka. (ADAA , 2020 )

Izibalo zokukhathazeka ngocansi

Izibalo ezilandelayo zicaciselwe abantu base-U.S.

Izinkinga zokukhathazeka zivame kakhulu kwabesifazane kunabesilisa. Ukukhathazeka kuthinta ama-23% abesifazane abadala kanye ne-14% yabantu abadala besilisa. (NIMH, 2017)
Ukukhathazeka kubuye kwande kakhulu kubantu besifazane abasebasha kunabesilisa abasebasha (abaneminyaka engu-13 kuya ku-18). Kusukela ngo-2001-2004,Ama-38% abesifazane abasebasha babenenkinga yokukhathazeka uma kuqhathaniswa nama-26.1% wabesilisa abasebasha. ( Izinqolobane zeGeneral Psychiatry, 2005)
Abesifazane banamathuba aphindwe kabili okuba nokukhathazeka okujwayelekile kunamadoda. (ADAA , 2020 )
Ukudlanga kwe-OCD kwabesifazane nabesilisa kuyalingana, kuthinta abantu abadala abayizigidi ezingama-2.2. (ADAA , 2020)

Izibalo zokukhathazeka ngeminyaka

Izibalo ezilandelayo zicaciselwe abantu base-U.S.

Cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu (31.9%) yentsha (eneminyaka eyi-13-18) yayinenkinga yokukhathazeka phakathi konyaka we-2001 nowe-2004. Kulezi zintsha, iqembu labaneminyaka engu-17 kuya kwengu-18 ubudala lathinteka kakhulu. ( Izinqolobane Zokulondolozwa Kwezengqondo Okujwayelekile , 2005)
Ukukhathazeka okujwayelekile kwatholakala kuthinta abantu abadala abaneminyaka yobudala engama-26 kuya kwengama-49 uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu leminyaka yobudala engama-50 noma ngaphezulu. (SAMHSA, 2014)
Abaneminyaka engama-30 kuya kwengama-44 ubudala bathinteke kakhulu yizinkinga zokukhathazeka kusukela ngo-2017 kwalandelwa ama-22.3% abaneminyaka engu-18- kuya kwengama-29 ubudala kanye nama-20.6% abaneminyaka engama-45- kuya kwengama-59 ubudala. (NIMH, 2017)
Abaneminyaka engu-60 nangaphezulu babeyiqembu elithinteke kakhulu kusukela ngo-2017. (NIMH, 2017)

Izibalo zokukhathazeka ngamazinga ezemfundo

Abantu baseMelika abanemfundo ephakeme mancane amathuba okuthi babe nesifo sokukhathazeka. Ukukhathazeka kuthinta abantu abadala abayizigidi ezingama-3.9 abanemfundo engaphansi kwesikole samabanga aphakeme, abayizigidi ezi-3.3 abaphothule isikole esiphakeme, abayizigidi ezingama-2.8 kolunye ikolishi, kanye nezigidi ezintathu ezinemfundo yasekolishi noma ngaphezulu. (SAMHSA, 2016)
Olunye ucwaningo lwaseCanada lwathola ukuthi ezingeni ngalinye elengeziwe lemfundo, abantu babenamathuba ayi-15% okubona udokotela wezifo zengqondo. ( Inqubomgomo Yezempilo , 2007)
Ukukhathazeka ukukhathazeka okuphezulu kakhulu kwezinsizakalo zokwelulekwa ekolishi. Kubafundi basekolishi abathola izinsizakalo zokwelulekwa, ama-41.6% abonwa ngokukhathazeka. (Inhlangano Yabaqondisi Besikhungo Sokwelulekwa Kweyunivesithi NaseKholeji, 2012)

Izimbangela zezokwelapha zokukhathazeka

Kunezinkinga ezahlukahlukene zezokwelapha ezingadala ukukhathazeka. Ezinye zazo zifaka:

Izinkinga ze-thyroid njenge-hyperthyroidism noma i-hypothyroidism
Isifo senhliziyo
Isifo sikashukela
Umphumela ohlangothini ovela emithini
Ukuntuleka komoya-mpilo noma izifo zokuphefumula kufaka phakathi isifo esingapheliyo se-pulmonary disease (COPD), i-emphysema, noma i-asthma
Ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa okungekho emthethweni noma ukuhoxa ezidakamizweni / kotshwala
I-irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

OKUSHIWO: Ingabe ukukhathazeka kubangela i-IBS?

Izici zobungozi bokukhathazeka

Izindlela zokuphila nezemvelo zingakhuphula ubungozi bokukhathazeka. Zingafaka:

Ukucindezeleka okwandisiwe , okuyi ingavela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene. Kungahle kube ngenxa yesimo sempilo, ukuphazamiseka kokulala, noma izimo zempilo ezinjengomsebenzi, isikole, izinkinga zezimali, izinkinga zobudlelwano, noma ukushona kothandekayo. Ku- Ucwaningo lwe-SingleCare luka-2020 lokukhathazeka , cishe isigamu (48%) sabathathi bezinhlolovo babike ukuthi ukucindezeleka ekhaya kuyimbangela yokukhathazeka kwabo. Omunye u-30% wabika ukuthi ukucindezeleka emsebenzini kubangele ukukhathazeka.
Izingane nabantu abadala ababhekene nakho izehlakalo ezihlukumezayo zisengozini enkulu yokuba nesifo sokukhathazeka.
Ukuzenyeza , ikakhulukazi kubantu abasha , ingabonisa ukukhathazeka.
Izakhi zofuzo dlala isici, futhi. Isifundo esisodwa kutholakale kukhona ubungozi obulinganiselwe bezakhi zofuzo bokukhathazeka ngokuqina okungama-30%.
Isifo sokudangala esikhulu nokunye ukuphazamiseka kwempilo yengqondo kungahle kwenzeke ngokubambisana nokukhathazeka.
Ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa, kufaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa noma kotshwala, kungakhuphula noma kubhebhethekise ukukhathazeka.

Ukwelapha ukukhathazeka

Izinkinga zokukhathazeka ziyelapheka kakhulu, kepha ama-36.9% kuphela alabo abahluphekayo abathola ukwelashwa, kusho uDkt Hafeez. Kunezindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko zokwelapha ukukhathazeka.

Ukwelashwa

Ukwelashwa, kwesinye isikhathi okwaziwa ngokuthi yi-psychotherapy noma ukwelulekwa, kungavela ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene. Kungaba okukodwa noma okususelwa eqenjini futhi kunganikezwa ku-inthanethi, ngocingo, noma mathupha.

Enye yezindlela zokwelashwa ezihamba phambili zokukhathazeka ukwelashwa kokuziphatha kwengqondo (CBT). Lokhu kusiza iziguli ukuthi ziqonde imicabango nemizwa ethonya isimilo, kuchaza uDkt Hafeez.

I-CBT ithatha isilinganiso samasonto ayi-12 kuye kwayi-16. Isiguli sizofunda amakhono angasiza ekuphatheni ukukhathazeka uma esetshenziswa ngokuqhubekayo.

Imithi

Imithi kungenye indlela yokusiza ekunciphiseni izimpawu zokukhathazeka. Esikhathini esiningi isiguli sisebenzisa imishanguzo kanye nokwelashwa ndawonye ukwelashwa. Kunezigaba ezine eziyinhloko zemithi umhlinzeki wezokunakekelwa kwempilo anganquma ukuthi aphathe ukukhathazeka.

I-serotonin reuptake inhibitors ekhethiwe (SSRIs) : Le mithi, efana Zoloft , ukwandisa amazinga e-serotonin ebuchosheni, angasiza ekuthuthukiseni imizwa.
I-Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) : Le mithi, efana venlafaxine , ukwandisa amazinga e-serotonin ne-norepinephrine ebuchosheni.
I-Benzodiazepines : Le mithi, efana mzingisi , phatha izimpawu zomzimba zokukhathazeka ngokunciphisa ukungezwani nokukhuthaza ukuphumula. Imvamisa isetshenziswa kuphela ekuphatheni kwesikhashana ukukhathazeka.
Ama-anti-depressants e-Tricyclic:Le mithi, kufaka phakathi amithole , usize ukwelapha imood nezimpawu zomzimba. Noma kunjalo, banemiphumela emibi kakhulu.

Imithi ehambisanayo neyenye indlela (i-CAM)

I-CAM yizindlela zokwelashwa ezingathathwa njengengxenye yemithi ejwayelekile, kepha bekulokhu kunjalo kutholakale kuwusizo ekwehliseni ezinye zezimpawu zokukhathazeka. Lezi izindlela zokwelapha ezingasetshenziswa ngokuhlanganyela nokwelashwa nemithi. I-CAM ifaka phakathi:

Ukuthoma
Ukuzindla
Ukuzivocavoca (ikakhulukazi i-yoga)
Amasu okuphumula
Ukuguqula ukudla ngokunciphisa ukuphuza ushukela, utshwala, ne-caffeine.

Ukusekelwa kokukhathazeka nokuzibulala

Ukuzibulala kuyimbangela yeshumi yokufa kwabantu e-U.S., Ngokusho kwe- I-American Foundation Yokuvimbela Ukuzibulala . Ngo-2017, abantu baseMelika abangu-47,173 babulawa ngokuzibulala, futhi kwakukhona imizamo yokuzibulala elinganiselwa ezigidini eziyi-1.4. Ubudlelwano phakathi kokukhathazeka nokuzibulala bufundwe iminyaka, kepha imiphumela ibonakala ingahambelani. Isifundo esisodwa iphakamisa ukuthi ukuphazamiseka kokukhathazeka kubaluleke kakhulu ngokwezibalo kepha izibikezelo ezibuthakathaka zokuzama ukuzibulala nokuzama. Enye ithole ukuthi i-panic disorder ne-PTSD kuhlotshaniswa kakhulu nemizamo yokuzibulala. Ngaphandle kobuhlobo bayo, noma ngubani ofuna ukwesekwa angashayela ulayini wokuvikela ukuzibulala ku-1-800-273-8255 noma athole izinsiza ku Iwebhusayithi ye-ADAA .

Imibuzo nezimpendulo zokukhathazeka

Yimaphi amaphesenti omhlaba anokukhathazeka?

Ngo-2012, abantu abangu-7.3% emhlabeni babenenkinga yokukhathazeka, ngokusho kokubuyekezwa okuhlelekile okushicilelwe kulo magazini Imithi Yezengqondo . I- I-World Health Organization ibuye isekele lesi sibalo, njengoba ithi umuntu oyedwa kwabangu-13 unenkinga.

Yiziphi izinhlanga noma ubuzwe obuthambekele kakhulu ezinkingeni zokukhathazeka?

Izinkinga zokukhathazeka zitholakale zivame kakhulu ku- Amasiko we-Euro / Anglo , elandelwa amasiko ama-Ibero / Latin, bese kuba amasiko aseNyakatho Afrika naseMpumalanga Ephakathi.

Bangaki abantu abanokukhathazeka e-U.S.?

Ukukhathazeka ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okuvame kakhulu, okuthinta abantu abadala abayizigidi ezingama-40 kubantu base-U.S., Ngokusho kwe- ADAA .

Ngubani othinteka kakhulu ukukhathazeka?

Abesifazane banjalo cishe ukuthinteka ukukhathazeka kunamadoda. Kwezinye izinkinga, njengokukhathazeka okujwayelekile, abesifazane banjalo ngokuphindwe kabili ukuba nayo njengamadoda.

Ukukhathazeka kuthinta kakhulu iminyaka emingaki?

Iqembu lobudala okungenzeka lithintwe ukukhathazeka yilabo abavela Uneminyaka engama-30 kuya kwengama-44 ubudala .

Yimaphi amaphesenti abafundi anokukhathazeka?

Okwabafundi abathola izinsizakalo zokwelulekwa, 41.6% ziyabonakala ukwelashwa kokukhathazeka.

Kungani ukukhathazeka kuvame kangaka manje?

Ayikho impendulo eyodwa yokuthi kungani ukukhathazeka kuvame kakhulu manje. Kungahle kube ngenxa yokwehla kwe- ukucwaswa izingqinamba ezizungezile zezempilo yengqondo, ukulala kabi noma imikhuba yokudla, noma i ukwanda kwezokuxhumana sebenzisa ukubeka ukukhathazeka kokukhathazeka kwanda.