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Izibalo ze-ADHD 2021

Izindaba

Ingane engahlaliseki, ephazamiseka kalula ivame kakhulu kunalokho, ikakhulukazi ebangeni lesikole. Kodwa-ke, lapho lezi zenzo ziphazamisa umsebenzi wakhe wesikole futhi ziholela esenzweni esijwayelekile sokuqondiswa kwezigwegwe, abazali bangazibuza ukuthi ngabe kukhona okunye kulokhu kuziphatha kunokuthi izingane zibe yizingane nje. Ukunakwa kokushoda kokungasebenzi kahle (i-ADHD) ngesinye sezinkinga ezivame kakhulu ze-neurodevelopmental ezinganeni zase-U.S., Njengoba kusekelwa izibalo ze-ADHD kumhlahlandlela wethu ongezansi. Ngenhlanhla, kunemithi eminingi nezinhlobo zokwelashwa kokuziphatha ukusiza izingane nabantu abadala abane-ADHD.

OKUSHIWO: Ingabe ingane yakho ihlonza kabi nge-ADHD?

Kuyini i-ADHD?

Ukunakwa kokushoda kwe-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) yisifo esivamile esimakwe yi- iphethini eqhubekayo yokunganaki kanye / noma i-hyperactivity-impulsivity okuphazamisa ukusebenza noma ukuthuthukiswa. Ukuziphatha, noma izimpawu, ze-ADHD kufaka ukunganakwa okungapheli, ukungasebenzi kahle, nokungafisi. Abaningi batholakala bene-ADHD besengabantwana, njengoba izimpawu ziba ezivelele ekukhuleni kwasekuqaleni nasemsebenzini wokufunda. Izimpawu ze-ADHD zingaqhubeka zibe mdala futhi zithinte ubudlelwano bomphakathi kanye nokusebenza kwezemfundo nokusebenza.

I-ADHD yisifo sezinzwa, yize imbangela yangempela isazobekwa, kusho UGabriel Villarreal , LPC, umeluleki ku-ADHD Counselling eRoanoke Valley eVirginia. Esikwaziyo ukuthi kwenzeka lapho ukukhula kwangaphambili kwe-cortex kusalela ngemuva kobuchopho bonke.

Okuqala kakhulu ukuthi singathola ukuthi lokhu kungafani kuneminyaka emi-3 ubudala, kusho uVillarreal. Kodwa-ke, [abantu abane-ADHD] futhi banokushoda noma abakhiqizi kalula njengama-neurochemicals ebuchosheni, ikakhulukazi i-dopamine ne-norepinephrine. Owokuqala unesibopho sokunakwa, ukushayela, nokugqugquzela. Lesi sakamuva, sinesibopho sokwenza ukuzola, yilokho okubophezele ngokwengxenye i- [hyperactivity].

Kuvame kangakanani i-ADHD?

Ucwaningo lomhlaba wonke lukhombisile ukuthi ukwanda kwe-ADHD kuphezulu emazweni ahola kakhulu. ( Ukushoda Kokunakekelwa Kwe-ADHD kanye nokuphazamiseka kokungasebenzi kahle, 2017)
Ukusabalala kokuphila kwe-ADHD kwezingane e-U.S phakathi kwezingane kuyakhuphuka ngezibalo zakamuva ku-11%. (Isikhungo Sikazwelonke Sezempilo Yengqondo, 2017)
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi izigidi eziyisi-6.1 zezingane zaseMelika ezineminyaka engu-2-17 ubudala zazike zathola ukuxilongwa kwe-ADHD, ezimele u-9.4% waleliqembu eliphelele leminyaka ezweni lonke ngo-2016. (Ijenali yeClinical Child and Adolescent Psychology , 2018)
Abafana banamathuba angaphezu kokuphindwe kabili kunamantombazane okutholwe ukuthi ane-ADHD. ( Ijenali yeClinical Child and Adolescent Psychology , 2018)
Ukusabalala komhlaba wonke kwe-ADHD yabantu abadala kulinganiselwa ku-2.5%. (IRoyal College of Psychiatrists, 2009)
Ukusabalala kwesikhathi se-ADHD se-US kubantu abadala abaneminyaka yobudala eyi-18 kuya kwengama-44 ubudala kulinganiselwa ukuthi kungu-8.1%, kanti ukusabalala kwamanje kulinganiselwa ku-4.4%. (Isikhungo Sikazwelonke Sezempilo Yengqondo, 2017)

Izibalo ze-ADHD ezinganeni

Iphesenti lezingane ezike zatholakala zine-ADHD lenyuka ngokukhula. Ucwaningo lukhombisa u-2.4% (388,000) wezingane ezineminyaka engu-2 kuya kwengu-5 ubudala, kanti i-9.6% (2.4 million) yezingane ezineminyaka engu-6 kuya kwengu-11 ubudala zitholakale zine-ADHD.
Iminyaka ephakathi yokuxilongwa kwe-ADHD enamandla ineminyaka engu-4 ubudala.
Iminyaka ephakathi yokuxilongwa kwe-ADHD elinganisiwe ineminyaka engu-6 ubudala.
Iminyaka ephakathi yokuxilongwa kwe-ADHD emnene ineminyaka engu-7 ubudala.

( Ijenali yeAmerican Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2014 & 2018)

Izibalo ze-ADHD kwintsha

Lezi zibalo ezilandelayo zimelela amaphesenti alinganiselwa we intsha ene-ADHD ngeqembu leminyaka ngayinye:

Iminyaka engu-13 kuya ku-14: 8.8%
Iminyaka engu-15 kuye ku-16: 8.6%
Iminyaka engu-17 kuya ku-18: 9%
Kuwo wonke amacala e-ADHD esakhula, ama-4.2% akhombise ukukhubazeka okukhulu. Indlela yokukhubazeka ibisuselwa kuhlelo lwesine lweDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV).

( Ijenali yeAmerican Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2010)

Izibalo ze-ADHD kubantu abadala

Ukusabalala kwe-ADHD kubantu abadala kwakungu-4.4% e-US kusukela ngo-2001-2003, ngokusho kweHarvard Medical School. Noma kunjalo, izinga le- I-ADHD kubantu abadala kungenzeka ukuthi kubikwe kakhulu njengoba izingane ezingama-85% ezine-ADHD kungenzeka zibe nalesi sifo njengabantu abadala. Izindlela zokuxilonga ze-ADHD zaqale zenzelwe izingane, ngakho-ke, ukuxilongwa kwe-ADHD kubantu abadala kukhula ngokushesha okuphindwe kane kunokutholakala kwe-ADHD phakathi kwezingane eMelika ( I-JAMA Psychiatry, 2019) . Lezi zibalo ezilandelayo zimelela amaphesenti alinganisiwe abantu abadala abane-ADHD ngeqembu ngalinye leminyaka:

Iminyaka engu-18 kuya ku-24: 4.5%
Iminyaka engu-25 kuya ku-34: 3.8%
Iminyaka yobudala engama-35 kuya kwengama-44: 4.6%

(IHarvard Medical School, 2007)

Ucwaningo luphakamisa ukuthi iningi lentsha ene-ADHD nayo izoba ne-ADHD njengabantu abadala, kusho UNekeshia Hammond , Psy.D, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo eHammond Psychology and Associates eFlorida. Into ebucayi okufanele yenziwe yintsha ukufunda ukuphatha izimpawu zayo ze-ADHD, ezingathinta imiphumela yazo yabantu abadala. Ngokwe-anecdotally, abanye abantu abadala baye bachaza ukubhekana nokukhubazeka okukhulu ekusebenzeni ngoba bafunde izimbangela nezindlela zokubhekana nezimpawu zabo ze-ADHD.

Abanye abantu abadala abatholakala ukuthi bane-ADHD ngaphambili bafunde ukubhekana nezimpawu zabo kahle futhi abahlangabezani nenqubo ye-ADHD kamuva empilweni yabo. Ngeke bahlangabezane 'nenqubo ephelele' ye-ADHD (kungenzeka ukuthi basenezinye izimpawu zokunaka, kodwa azenele ukuthola ukuxilongwa), kusho uDkt. Hammond. Ucwaningo oluningi lusikisela ukuthi i-ADHD empeleni ‘ Hamba , ’Kodwa ikakhulukazi abantu abadala babika izimpawu ezimbalwa. Isibonelo, izimpawu zokungasebenzi kahle ngokweqile ziyehla ngokukhula. Bangu-11% kuphela abantu abadala abane-ADHD abathola ukwelashwa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abanye abantu abadala bangase bangatholakali futhi ngenxa yalokho bangalashwa ngenxa yezimo zempilo yengqondo ezenzeka ngokubambisana ezifihla izimpawu ze-ADHD. Lokhu kufaka phakathi:

Isifo sokukhathazeka: 47%
Ukuphazamiseka kwemizwelo: 38%
Ukulawula ukuqinisa: 20%
Izinkinga zokusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa: 15%

(Umngane Wokunakekelwa Okuyinhloko ku-Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 2009)

I-ADHD ekilasini

Kwesinye isikhathi izingane zingaphazamisa noma ‘zikhamise’ izimpendulo kaningi, nakho okuthinta ukuxhumana nabantu, kuchaza uDkt. Ngezinye izikhathi, enye intsha ingaba nezinkinga ngokuzithiba, okuholele ekuxabaneni ngamazwi noma ngokomzimba nabanye abafundi.

Uthi ulwazi lwengane ngayinye kwezemfundo luhlukile. Ezinye izingane zidonsa kanzima ezifundweni ngenxa yobunzima obukhulu ngokunakwa kanye / noma nokungasebenzi kahle, kanti ezinye izitshudeni ezifunde ukubhekana nezimpawu ze-ADHD zingahlangabezana nokuphazamiseka okuncane ezifundweni, usho kanjalo.

Izikole zingakwazi ukuhlalisa izingane ezine-ADHD ngokulungiswa ekilasini, kushoUDkt. Hammond. Ezinye izibonelo zokulungiswa zifaka, kepha azikhawulelwanga: ukuthatha amakhefu angeziwe, ukuhlelelwa indawo yokuhlala (isib. Ukuhlala eduze kukathisha), isikhathi esengeziwe ekuhlolweni, imibuzo, nokunikezwa, kanye nokwenza izivivinyo endaweni ehlukile ukunciphisa iziphazamiso .

Ucwaningo Lukazwelonke luka-2014 Lokuxilongwa Nokulashwa kwe-ADHD neTourette Syndrome lukhombe ukuthi iningi labafundi abane-ADHD (69.3%) lithole usizo olulodwa noma ngaphezulu lwesikole. Izinhlelo zemfundo ehlukile (IEP) nezinhlelo zesigaba 504 yizinsizakalo ezimbili ezikhona zesikole zabafundi abanezidingo noma izidingo ezikhethekile zemfundo ( Ijenali Yokuphazamiseka Kokunakwa , 2018).

Ngokuya ngeCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), ama-IEP nezinhlelo ezingama-504 zinikela:

Isikhathi esengeziwe ekuhlolweni
Izabelo ezenzelwe ingane
Ukuqiniswa okuhle
Imisebenzi esizwa ubuchwepheshe
Amakhefu angeziwe
Izinguquko ekilasini ukukhawulela ukuphazamiseka
Usizo olwengeziwe ngenhlangano

Olunye ucwaningo lusebenzise idatha evela kulolu cwaningo futhi lwathola ukuthi izingane ezineminyaka engu-4 kuya kwengu-17 ubudala ezine-ADHD zithole eyodwa noma ngaphezulu yezindlela zokuziphatha ezilandelayo:

U-31% uthole ukwelashwa kokuziphatha okulethwa ngumzali
Ama-39% athola ukuqeqeshwa kwamakhono ezenhlalo (njengokuxhaswa ukuthi ungaxhumana kanjani nabanye)
U-30% uthole ukungenelela kontanga (njengokufundiswa kontanga)
Ama-20% athole ukwelashwa kokuziphatha kwengqondo

( Ijenali Yezingane, 2018)

Izibalo zokwelashwa kwe-ADHD

Okuphumelela kakhulu Ukwelashwa kwe-ADHD kuyinhlanganisela yemithi nokwelashwa kokuziphatha. Imithi ekhuthazayo, njengo-Adderall noRitalin, ivame ukubekwa kuqala. Uma izikhuthazi zingasebenzi, umhlinzeki wezokunakekelwa kwempilo angazama umuthi ongavuseleli onjengeStrattera. Le mithi ithinta i-dopamine kanye / noma i-norepinephrine ukusiza iziguli zigxile futhi zizizwe zingacabangi kangako.

Ukwelashwa kokuziphatha kwengqondo (CBT) kuyindlela ethandwayo yokwelashwa kokuziphatha kwabantu, ikakhulukazi izingane, ezine-ADHD. Uchwepheshe onguchwepheshe angafundisa izingane ukuthi ziveze kanjani imicabango nemizwa yazo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa abanye. Abazali nothisha futhi bangathola ukuqonda nge-CBT ngokufunda ukuthi bangavuza kanjani isimilo esihle.

Kusukela ngo-2016, izingane ezingama-77% ezine-ADHD ezineminyaka engu-2 kuya kwengu-17 bezithola uhlobo oluthile lokwelashwa, cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu (32%) ethola imishanguzo kanye nokwelashwa kokuziphatha.

Abangu-62% bathatha imishanguzo ye-ADHD, iningi labo elineminyaka engama-6 kuya kwengu-11 ubudala.
Ama-30% adla imishanguzo eyedwa.
Ama-47% athola ukwelashwa kokuziphatha, iningi labo elineminyaka engu-2 kuye kwengu-5 ubudala.
U-15% uthola ukwelashwa kokuziphatha kuphela.

( Ijenali yeClinical Child and Adolescent Psychology , 2018)