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Izibalo zokugoma kanye nokugoma 2021

Izindaba

Imithi yokugoma ingakusiza ukuthi ungaguli ngoba ivimbela izifo ezimbi, ezisongela impilo. Kodwa-ke, ukugoma sekube nempikiswano enkulu maqondana nemiphumela emibi nezingozi zemithi yokugoma. Ake sibheke ezinye izibalo zomuthi wokugoma namaqiniso ukuze siqonde kangcono ukuthi ziyini nokuthi kungani zibalulekile.

Yini imigomo?

Umuthi wokugoma ulungiselela ngokwemvelo okukhuthaza amasosha omzimba ukuthi akhiqize amasosha omzimba, asiza ukubulala izifo. Umuthi wokugoma uvame ukuba nengxenye yesifo ozama ukusivimbela. Kungenzeka ukuthi yenze buthakathaka noma yabulala izinhlobo zegciwane, obunye ubuthi balo, noma elinye lamaprotheni alo angaphezulu. Ukufaka ingxenye engasebenzi yesifo emzimbeni kufundisa amasosha omzimba ukuthi asibone futhi asibulale lapho sesivele sivele esikhathini esizayo.

Izinhlobo zemithi yokugoma

Kunezinhlobo ezine zemithi yokugoma:

Imithi yokugoma ethanjisiwe aqukethe uhlobo olubuthakathaka lwesifo esibangela igciwane. Banikeza impendulo yomzimba ehlala isikhathi eside kodwa akuyona inketho engcono kakhulu kubantu abanamasosha omzimba ayekelele.
Ayisebenzi Imigomo iqukethe ifomu elibulewe yigciwane elidala lesi sifo abazama ukusivimbela. Azihlinzeki ngokuvikelwa komzimba okuqine njengemithi yokugoma encishisiwe, ngakho-ke amanani amaningi angadingeka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
I-Toxoid Imigomo aqukethe ubuthi obenziwa yigciwane noma amabhaktheriya adala lesi sifo. Zakha ukungavikeleki ezingxenyeni ezithile zegciwane noma amabhaktheriya abangela izifo, hhayi isifo uqobo.
Hlanganisa Imigomo aqukethe izingxenye ezithile kuphela zegciwane elidala isifo, njengeprotheyini noma ushukela. Imishanguzo yokuhlangana iphephile ngisho nakubantu abanamasosha omzimba abucayi.

Ukugoma kuqhathaniswa nokugoma

Imithi yokugoma kwesinye isikhathi iyadideka nokugonywa. Ukugoma yilokho okwenzeka emzimbeni ngemuva kokufaka umuthi wokugoma. Kuyinqubo yokuba umzimba ube amasosha omzimba ukugoma kwakungakuphi isifo. Isibonelo, umuthi wokugoma we-rotavirus unganikeza umuntu othile amasosha omzimba ekuthelelekeni nge-rotavirus.

Izibalo zokugoma

Ukugonyelwa imikhuhlane kunciphisa ingozi yokugula komkhuhlane kuze kufike kuma-40% -60%. (Izikhungo Zokulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo [CDC], 2020)
Ukugonywa kumanje kuvimbela ukufa kwabantu abayizigidi ezimbili kuya kwezi-3 minyaka yonke emhlabeni jikelele ezifweni ezivikelwa ngumuthi wokugoma. (WHO, 2019)
Imithi yokugomela isimungumungwane ivikele ukufa kwabantu abalinganiselwa ezigidini ezingama-21.1 emhlabeni wonke phakathi kuka-2000 no-2017 futhi ivikele ukuqubuka kwesimungumungwane. (UNICEF, 2019)
Ama-86% abantwana abanonyaka owodwa emhlabeni wonke banokugonyelwa isimungumungwane. (Isitatimende, 2019)
Cishe i-86% yezingane emhlabeni wonke zithola ukugonywa kokugoma kusuka ku-tetanus, pertussis, ne-diphtheria (DTP) minyaka yonke. (Isibhedlela Sezingane sasePhiladelphia, 2020)

Izibalo zokugoma izingane

Izingane ezingama-91% ezineminyaka engu-19-35 izinyanga zathola umuthi wokugoma we-MMR e-U.S.
Ngaphezu kwezingane ezingama-90% ezineminyaka engu-19-35 izinyanga okungenani zithole imithamo emithathu yomuthi wokugomela i-poliovirus.
Izingane ezingama-70% ezineminyaka engu-19-35 izinyanga zathola uchungechunge oluphelele lwemithi yokugoma eyisikhombisa (i-subset yayo yonke imigomo enconyelwe leli qembu lobudala) eU.S.
Ama-95% enkulisa athola ukuphathwa okudingeka kuhulumeni kwemigomo yokugomela i-diphtheria, tetanus, kanye ne-acellular pertussis ngonyaka wesikole ka-2018.

(CDC, 2017-2019)

Njalo ngonyaka i-CDC ivuselela okunconyiwe kwayo uhlelo lokugoma izingane nentsha , uqinisekisa ukufaka imigomo emisha lapho bephuma. Uhlelo lokugoma luchaza ukuthi yimiphi imigomo izingane okufanele ziyithole ngokuya ngeqembu labo leminyaka yobudala, okwenza kube lula ngabazali ukuhlela izikhathi zokugoma izingane zabo. Kukhona futhi okunconyiwe uhlelo lokugoma lwabantu abadala .

OKUSHIWO: Imithi yokugoma okufanele uyicabangele uma usuqede iminyaka engama-50

Izibalo zokugoma ngesifo

Umkhuhlane: Izingane ezingama-62% kanye nabantu abadala abangama-45% bathole umuthi wokugomela umkhuhlane ngenkathi yomkhuhlane ka-2018-2019. (CDC, 2019)
I-Pneumococcal: Ama-69% abantu abadala kuneminyaka engama-65 babike ukuthi bake bathola umuthi wokugomela i-pneumococcal ngonyaka ka-2018. (Statista, 2018)
I-human papillomavirus (HPV): Cishe i-49% yentsha eneminyaka eyi-13-17 ithole i- Ukugonywa kwe-HPV chungechunge ngo-2017 ukusiza ukuwavikela kumdlavuza ohlobene nokutheleleka ngegciwane. (CDC, 2018)
Inqubulunjwana: Izingane ezingama-91% ezineminyaka engu-19-35 izinyanga zithole umuthi wokugoma wokuphika wenkukhu (varicella) kuleli qembu lobudala ngo-2018. (CDC, 2018)
Uvendle: I-92% yezingane ezineminyaka engu-19-35 izinyanga zithole uchungechunge lokugomela uvendle (oluchazwa njengoluncane lokugoma okungu-3 kwengu-4 okuphelele) ngo-2018. (CDC, 2018)

Uma ucabanga ngokuhambela ngaphandle kwe-U.S., Ungahle uthande ukucabanga ukubona uchwepheshe wezokunakekelwa kwempilo ukuze agonywe. Okune kakhulu Kunconywe imigomo yokuhamba i-yellow fever, isimungumungwane, I-hepatitis A , kanye nemithi yokugoma ye-typhoid.

OKUSHIWO: Konke odinga ukukwazi ngomuthi wokugoma i-meningitis B

Imiphumela emibi yokugoma

Ukugonywa kungathuthukisa impilo yomuntu wonke kanye nezinga lempilo yakhe ngokuvikela izifo. Imigomo isebenza kahle, kodwa ayiphelele futhi kwesinye isikhathi ingadala imiphumela emibi. Imiphumela emibi ejwayelekile yemigomo ifaka phakathi ukukhathazeka esizeni sokujova kanye nemfiva esezingeni eliphansi.

Ukulandelela inani lama-allergen kungahle kube khona emithini yokugoma, kepha ukusabela okweqile kwemithi yokugoma akuvamile, njengoba kuncane kakhulu kumthamo wesigidi owodwa ophethwe yi-DTaP futhi ungaphansi kwesilinganiso esisodwa kwesigidi esilawulwa yi-MMR. ( Udokotela Womndeni waseMelika , 2017)
Ngemithi yokugoma i-varicella (chickenpox) ne-zoster (shingles), ukusabela kwendawo yomjovo wendawo kwenzeka kuma-19% ezingane ezigonyiwe kanye nama-24% wezingane ezisencane ezigonyiwe nabantu abadala. ( Udokotela Womndeni waseMelika , 2017)
Ingane e-1 kwezingama-30 ihlangabezana nokuvuvukala kwethanga noma ingalo ephezulu ngemuva komthamo wesine noma wesihlanu womuthi wokugoma we-DTaP. ( Udokotela Womndeni waseMelika , 2017)
Ingozi ye-intussusception (ukuvinjelwa kwamathumbu) ingu-1 kuma-100,000 amanani anikezwe imishanguzo ye-rotavirus. ( Udokotela Womndeni waseMelika , 2017)

Imithi eminingi yokugoma ingadala ukusabela kwesikhashana kwasendaweni njengokubomvu, ubuhlungu, ukuqubuka, umkhuhlane nokuvuvukala, kusho ULeah Durant , ummeli wokugoma nothishanhloko wamaHhovisi Omthetho kaLeah V. Durant, PLLC. Ukusabela komuthi wokugoma kungaba nzima kakhulu futhi kungadala i-anaphylaxis, ubuthakathaka, ukugedlezela, ukuba ndikindiki, ubuhlungu bezinzwa, ukuquleka, ukulimala kobuchopho, ukulahlekelwa ukuzwa, ukuquleka, ubuhlungu obukhulu endaweni yomjovo, ukulahleka kokunyakaza okuningi engalweni, ngisho nokufa . Noma ngubani ohlangabezana nokusabela okunzima ngaphezu kokuphendula kwasendaweni kufanele afune ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha ngokushesha. Ezimweni eziningi, ukuxilongwa kanye nokwelashwa kusenesikhathi kungasiza ekunciphiseni ubucayi bokulimala kogonyo okunzima.

Ukuphendula okubucayi nokuhlala isikhathi eside komgomo akuvamile, kusho uDurant. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi cishe umuntu oyedwa kuya kwababili kwabayisigidi esisodwa bathola ukulimala kanzima nokuhlala isikhathi eside ngenxa yemigomo. Okunye ukusabela okuvame kakhulu komuthi wokugoma yisimo esibizwa ngokuthi ukulimala ehlombe okuhlobene nokuphathwa komuthi wokugoma (noma i-SIRVA). Lokhu kulimala kungabonakala ezimweni ezinjenge-tendinitis, i-bursitis, ihlombe elifriziwe, noma i-rotator cuff izinyembezi, futhi kungadinga ukuhlinzwa okubuhlungu, ukwelashwa ngokomzimba, noma ezinye izindlela zokwelapha ukulungisa.

Izibalo zokulwa nokugoma

Ngo-1998, udokotela waseBrithani washicilela imininingwane eyiphutha exhumanisa umuthi wokugomela iMMR (isimungumungwane, imvukuzane, ne-rubella) kanye nokuxilongwa okwalandela kwe-autism. Yize lokho okutholakele kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kunqunywe ukuba kube yinkohliso futhi nokushicilelwa kwahoxiswa, kwaguqula umbono womphakathi ngokugoma futhi kwaholela abaningi ekukholweni ukuthi imigomo ibanga i-autism. Izinga lokugoma lehlile, futhi abaningi basakholelwa ukuthi imigomo ixhunyaniswe ne-autism noma izinkinga zempilo.

Olunye ucwaningo lwathola ukuthi cishe uhhafu (45%) waseMelika ungabaza ukuphepha komuthi wokugoma. (Inhlangano yaseMelika Osteopathic, 2019)
Imithombo evame kakhulu yokungabaza ekuphepheni komuthi kubikwa ukuthi yimibhalo eku-inthanethi, ukungayethembi imboni yezemithi, kanye nolwazi oluvela kochwepheshe bezokwelapha. (Inhlangano yaseMelika Osteopathic, 2019)
Amazwe angama-27 kwangu-50 abike ukwehla kwezinkulisa ezigonywe phakathi kuka-2009 no-2018. (Izikhungo Zokuhlola Impilo)
Kuphela ngama-57.3% amantombazane kanye nabafana abangama-34.6% abathole umuthi wokugoma we-HPV ngo-2013, okwakubangelwa ukukhathazeka kwabazali ukuthi ukugoma kukhuthaza ucansi olungavikelekile besebancane. (CDC, 2014)
Kusukela ngoMashi 2020, ama-35% wabaphenduli bocwaningo bathi bakwenzile hhayi ufuna ukuthola umuthi wokugoma we-coronavirus uma utholakala futhi nini. (I-SingleCare, 2020)

Ku-2019, iWorld Health Organisation (i-WHO) yabala ukungabaza kokugoma njengenye yezinsongo ezinkulu kakhulu empilweni yomhlaba nasemphakathini. Izinhlangano eziningi zisebenza ukubhekana nezinkinga zokugoma futhi zifundise abantu ngokubaluleka kwazo.

OKUSHIWO: Ukuhlolwa komtholampilo weCoronavirus ukuqala e-U.S.

Izibalo zokugoma umhlambi

Ukungavikeleki kwemfuyo kuphenduke ibuzzword phakathi kwesifo se-coronavirus. Lapho iphesenti eliphezulu labantu lingavikelekile ezifweni ezithathelwanayo, kungaba kusuka ekuthelelekeni okusebenzayo noma ekugomeni, umphakathi (noma umhlambi) uvikeleka kangcono. Ukutheleleka okusebenzayo kwalezi zifo ezivinjelwe umuthi ngokuvamile kuhlotshaniswa nemiphumela emibi kakhulu kunokugoma uqobo, ngakho-ke kuyancanyelwa ukugoma ukuthola umhlambi wokuzivikela.

Lapho abantu bengagomi futhi amazinga okugoma ehla, kwandisa ingozi yokuqubuka. Ngo-2019, i-CDC yabika izigameko ezintsha ezingama-704 zemasisi eNew York, okuyisibalo esiphakeme kunawo wonke kusukela ngo-1994, ngenxa yamaphakethe emiphakathi anemithi engemihle yokugoma nokuchayeka ngandlela thile ezifweni ezithathelwanayo.

Isifo ngasinye esithathelwanayo sidinga ukungatheleleki kwabantu okuchazwe ngezansi, okungcono ngokutholakala kokugoma lapho kutholakala, ukudala ukuzivikela komhlambi:

Imasisi: 92% -95%
I-Pertussis (ukukhwehlela okukhwehlela): 92% -94%
IDiphtheria: 83% -86%
I-Rubella: 83% -86%
Ingxibongo: 80% -86%
Uvendle: 80% -86%
Izimpumputhe: 75% -86%
AbakwaSARS *: 50% -80%
I-Ebola: 33% -60%
Umkhuhlane (umkhuhlane): 33% -44%

(Umhlaba wethu kuDatha, 2019)

* I-SARS ne-COVID-19 zidalwa ngama-coronavirus ahlukene. Funda kabanzi lapha .

Izindleko zemigomo

I-U.S. Isebenzisa cishe ama- $ 27 billion ukwelapha izifo ebezingavinjelwa ngokugoma. (AJMC, 2019)
Ukugonywa kwezingane kuzokonga cishe u- $ 295 billion ezindlekweni, kufaka phakathi ukulaliswa esibhedlela nokunakekelwa kwezokwelapha, eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-20. (CDC, 2014)
Ukugonywa okuphelele kwengane kubiza cishe ama- $ 18 enganeni ngayinye emazweni ahola kancane. (UNICEF, 2019)
Kuwo wonke ama- $ 1 atshalwe ezinganeni ezingagonyiwe emazweni anemali ephansi naphakathi, kunokulinganiselwa okubuyiswayo kokutshalwa kwemali okungaba ngu- $ 44. (UNICEF, 2019)

OKUSHIWO: Yimiphi imigomo engingathola izaphulelo kuyo?

Imibuzo nezimpendulo zokugoma

Yimaphi amaphesenti abantu abathola umkhuhlane ngaphandle kokugoma?

Ngokusho kweCDC, lo mkhuhlane udala izifo eziphakathi kwezigidi eziyisishiyagalolunye kuya kweziyi-42 minyaka yonke e-United States. Ukugonyelwa imikhuhlane kunciphisa ubungozi bokuthola umkhuhlane ngama-40% kuye kuma-60%.

Ukugoma kuvikela kanjani ezifweni ezithathelwanayo?

Ukugoma kuvikela ezifweni ezithathelwanayo ngokusiza amasosha omzimba ukuba abone futhi alwe nama-virus namagciwane abangela isifo uqobo. Ukugonywa kusiza futhi ekuvikeleni ukuqubuka kwezifo ezithathelwanayo ezweni lonke nasemhlabeni jikelele.

Bangaki abantu ababulawa yimigomo?

Kunzima ukwazi ngokunembile ukuthi bangaki abantu asebeshone ngqo ngenxa yokugonywa. Abaningi izifundo babike amazinga okufa emithini yokugoma efana nengxibongo ukuthi ibe cishe nokufa komuntu oyedwa esigidini esigonyiwe. Kusukela ngo-2000 kuya ku-2015, 104 ukubulawa kwabantu kwabikwa futhi ngandlela thile kwabangelwa umuthi wokugomela isimungumungwane. Kodwa-ke, uhlelo lokubika alukwazi ukusungula ubudlelwane obuqinisekisiwe bokubangela phakathi kokugoma nokufa okulandelayo.

Ingabe bukhona ubufakazi bezibalo bokuthi imijovo yokugoma iyanciphisa ukutheleleka?

Kunobufakazi obuningi bezibalo obukhombisa ukuthi imijovo yehlisa kanjani ukutheleleka. I- I-WHO , i-CDC , futhi I-UNICEF ngokuqhubekayo ushicilele imininingwane ephathelene nokusebenza kwemithi yokugoma.

Lithini izinga lokufa kwabantu abangakagonywe?

Bangaphezu kuka-1.5 million abantu abafa minyaka yonke emhlabeni jikelele ngokungagonywa.

Ingabe ukugoma kuphephile ezinganeni?

Imigomo iphephile ezinganeni futhi ingazivikela ekutholeni izifo ezifana nokukhwehlela.

Ingabe ukugonywa kubangela i-autism ezinganeni?

Ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-autism nemithi yokugoma kufundwe isikhathi eside kwatholakala ukuthi akukho, kusho uLeann Poston, MD, umsizi wedini laseWright State University eBoonshoft School of Medicine futhi obambe iqhaza Impilo ye-Ikon . Isikhathi sokuqala sokukhuliswa kwenkulumo kanye nenani eliphakeme lokugoma ohlelweni lokugoma zombili zenzeka ezinyangeni eziyi-12 kuya kwezingu-15. Imbangela ye-autism ibonakala inemisebenzi eminingi, okusho ukuthi kunezici zofuzo nezemvelo ezingathinta ubungozi. Ngalesi sizathu, abantu bebelokhu befuna izinhlangano phakathi kwezimbangela zezemvelo ne-autism.